Increasing world population requires that crop production from irrigated areas needs to be enhanced by as much as 40% by the year 2025. This necessitates that the canal water management system be revisited and possible improvements suggested and implemented. The daily reference evapotranspiration for the Upper Chenab Canal (UCC) is estimated using the Penmann-Monteith equation 2000. Meteorological data of Sialkot station has been employed on a daily basis for a period of 8 years (1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006). The crop water requirements have been estimated using reference evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and cropping periods for different crops cultivated according to existing cropping pattern. Crop staggering has also been incorporated into the study. The comparison of actual canal water supplies and crop water requirements indicated an annual shortage of more than 40%, which may reduce slightly if allocated water supplies according to the Water Apportionment Accord 1991 can be ensured. The maximum deficit is 320 m 3 s À1 and occurs in the month of August. This shortfall is normally met by pumping lowquality groundwater, which is increasing secondary salinity in the area. Possible options for better water management in the UCC command area to optimize crop yields are presented, and it is recommended to look into demand side management including canal lining and on-farm water management practices. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pivot point of delta in Tarbela dam has reached at about 10.6 km from the dam face which may result in blocking of tunnels. Tarbela delta was modeled from 1979 to 2060 using hec-6 model. Initially, the model was calibrated for year 1999 and validated for years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2006 by involving the data of sediment concentration, reservoir cross sections (73 range lines), elevation-area capacity curves, and inflows and outflows from the reservoir. Then, the model was used to generate future scenarios, i.e., run-1, run-2, and run-3 with pool levels; 428, 442, and 457 m, respectively, till 2060. Results of run-1 and run-2 showed advancement to choke the tunnels by 2010 and 2030, respectively. Finally, in run-3, the advancement was further delayed showing that tunnels 1 and 2 will be choked by year 2050 and pivot point will reach at 6.4 km from the dam face.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.