Abstract. Eye gaze tracking is an obvious candidate for a future input device, perhaps even for everyday computing. The hard problems with gaze-controlled interfaces are inaccuracy and inadvertent clicking. We attempt to mitigate these problems in the context of a gaze-controlled web browser. Four click alternatives (Dwell, Single Confirm, Multiple Confirm and Radial Confirm) were implemented along with a fifth mouse-controlled version for comparison. Two alternatives make use of additional buttons that confirm a selection made previously by dwell, hence improving accuracy. Our results indicate that the Multiple Confirm alternative performed best among the gaze-based alternatives; it makes use of multiple confirmation buttons when letting the user choose between different options. When compared to the mouse, the clicking times were worse but the accuracy was indistinguishable. User feedback also indicates that, although mouse was considered best, Multiple Confirm was not perceived as slow and generated excitement. This indicates that the Multiple Confirm click alternative has potential as an interaction method for gaze interfaces.
Eye gaze tracking provides a natural and fast method of interacting with computers. Many click alternatives have been proposed so far, each with their own merits and drawbacks. We focus on the most natural selection method, i.e. the dwell, with which a user can select an on-screen object by just gazing at it for a pre-defined dwell time.We have looked at three design parameters of the dwell click alternative, namely dwell time, button size and placement of content. Two experiments, with similar user interfaces, were designed and conducted with 21 and 15 participants, respectively. Different combinations of dwell times and button sizes were tested in each experiment for each participant. One experiment had content placed on the buttons to be gazed at, while the other had content placed above the buttons.One important finding is that moving the content outside the clickable areas avoids accidental clicking, i.e. the Midas Touch problem. In such a design, a combination of big buttons and short dwell times are most suited for maximizing accuracy and ease of use, due to a phenomenon identified as the 'gaze-hold' problem.
No abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent, chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that affects oculomotor (eye movement) control. Dysfunctional oculomotor control may result in reading or educational difficulties. This randomized controlled crossover study sought to investigate the feasibility of a larger scale trial and effects of a single session of spinal manipulation on oculomotor control in children with ADHD. Thirty children participated in the study and were randomized into either control-first or spinal manipulation first groups. The results indicate that the trial was feasible. Secondary outcomes showed that there was a significant decrease in reading time after the spinal manipulation intervention compared to the control intervention. Future studies of the effects of spinal manipulation on oculomotor control in children with ADHD are suggested.
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