Designing for the eye

Abstract

Eye gaze tracking provides a natural and fast method of interacting with computers. Many click alternatives have been proposed so far, each with their own merits and drawbacks. We focus on the most natural selection method, i.e. the dwell, with which a user can select an on-screen object by just gazing at it for a pre-defined dwell time.We have looked at three design parameters of the dwell click alternative, namely dwell time, button size and placement of content. Two experiments, with similar user interfaces, were designed and conducted with 21 and 15 participants, respectively. Different combinations of dwell times and button sizes were tested in each experiment for each participant. One experiment had content placed on the buttons to be gazed at, while the other had content placed above the buttons.One important finding is that moving the content outside the clickable areas avoids accidental clicking, i.e. the Midas Touch problem. In such a design, a combination of big buttons and short dwell times are most suited for maximizing accuracy and ease of use, due to a phenomenon identified as the 'gaze-hold' problem.

A comparison study of visually stimulated brain–computer and eye-tracking interfaces

“…target size) was enlarged. For typical ETIs, such as the ETI-target, other studies [25,26,53] have also indicated that the time to input each command and the error rate decrease when the target size is enlarged. In addition, a previous study [54] claimed that accuracy generally increases as the target expands, and the appropriate size of the target is dependent on the eye-tracking device.…”

“…The technique that tracks the point of the gaze is called eye-tracking, and interfaces that allow command input using eye-tracking are often called eye-tracking interfaces (ETIs) [21][22][23][24]. They are considered to be fairly robust [25] and promising components of user interfaces [26] because of their inherent advantages, such as their speed and ease of use [25]. ETIs allow for the performance of actions or selections as well as pointing on a screen.…”

Multimodal Gaze Interaction for Creative Design

“…The gaze interaction literature has predominantly focused on addressing isolated content creation and user interface design challenges. Eye typing has extensively been addressed separately [32,35,36,38,39,57], creative applications have predominantly addressed drawing features only [11,19,32,17,21], and object selection via dwell-based and other approaches have been explored as a single challenge [33,36,49,61]. However, there is a current lack of studies and system development work addressing more than one specific creative input feature and integrating them in a usable interface.…”

Pactolo Bar: An Approach to Mitigate the Midas Touch Problem in Non-Conventional Interaction

“…Possible solutions to mitigate the MT problem in pointer navigation in technologies such as head, face, or eye trackers [ 6 , 10 ] include the use of triggers or external devices [ 28 , 32 , 33 ], such as soft-switches [ 34 ], smartphones [ 35 , 36 ], sensors [ 37 ], commands by specific gestures [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], or body movements (head, hands, feet, tracking or blinking, or jaw movement, among others) [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Besides traditional desktop settings, some studies have also investigated solutions aimed at mobile devices [ 35 , 36 ], and virtual reality environments [ 43 , 45 ].…”

“…Most of the works in the analysis considered the Dwell Time as a technique to study since it is considered fast to implement and low in cost [ 10 , 35 ]. Some works presented a type of adaptive Dwell Time according to the type of interaction to be used by the user [ 30 , 34 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. The results of these studies show the use of Dwell Time as being close to the best results of the other techniques, but they also show that the correct timer configuration is essential to obtain good results from Dwell Time.…”