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Biological wastewater treatment via biofilm colonies are still in their early stages of evolution. Solid carriers made of wide range of materials in different designs have been introduced to increase biofilm growth by delivering high surface area which expands microbes’ attachment. It reduces 70-90% of total wastewater contamination (Based on the treatment circumstances and influent properties). In addition, it is considered a low-cost biological process and highly preferred by wastewater industries. Despite that, biofilm carriers failed to deliver a stable biotreatment. Unsteady bioremediation could occur because of using ineffective designed carrier which disturbs the microbial growth. Numerous biofilm carriers had been reviewed and mentioned in this paper like K1, AMT, BioBall, …etc. Then, two carrier designs named as Ultra and Micro media were introduced to carry and protect biofilm and microbial colonies from being removed during the process. Its expected that the new biofilm carriers can improve moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) performance in terms of stability, biomass accumulation, clogging, and biofilm growth. At the end, unharmful wastewater can be discharged to the waterways or recycled back into the industry. Finally, this study suggests designing carriers having crimped surfaces to enhance the extracellular polymeric substance attachment.

It was known where water is, there is a life, but presently, water is the primary source of diseases, viruses, and microbes. Before the industrial revolution, freshwater was available in vast quantities and everywhere, but the unwell treatments of wastewater have contaminated our fresh water. The palm oil industries discharge palm oil mill effluent (POME) under the forced standards, but it still pollutes the freshwater because it streams contaminated water, and not freshwater. There are many methods for wastewater treatment, but most of it reached its maximum effort, for example, physical technologies probably can give 90% removal of total pollutants with high capital cost. Hence, industries are trying to evolve biological treatments such as microalgae, and biofilm because of being friendly, and cost-efficient. This article reviews microalgae and biofilm bacteria ability for POME processing, and what possible advantages or valuable byproducts can produce. It concluded that uniting both treatments can lead to outstanding performance defeating withdraws and limitations.

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Abstract. Growth pattern of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 49128), was found to predominantly rely on the age of the inoculums, prior to its contact with physical and chemical agents and nutrient availability. Under suitable inoculums, bacteria tend to grow faster in a batch type of growth pattern which is usually sustained until after nutrient depletion. In this research, the bacterial growth pattern was studied in an incubator shake flask using 8 g nutrient media and physical operational parameters temperature of 37 o C and agitation of 180 rpm over a period of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Prior to this, P. putida was added into 20.0 ml nutrient broth and incubated in an incubator for 24 hours at 37 o C, before adding it to 180 ml nutrient broth 30% (v/v 1-). Growth, via acclimatization was initially observed after 1hr of inoculation with an overwhelming exponential growth of 2.69-2.57 within first 24 hr, exceeding the 48 and 72 hrs ranges. This additionally relates to particular cell biomass growth rate (µ) of 0.58 hr 1-, 3.87 number of generation (n), generation time (g) 1.09 and growth rate constant (k) of 0.01 hr 1-, achievable within 24 hrs. It was therefore concluded that the sensitivity of this strain to time is significant, as optimal growth was achieved within 24 hrs of acclimatization, thereby showing a drastic reduction in the time of growth.

The aim of this review paper is to explore and examine hybrid processes and systems for polishing palm oil mill effluent (POME). Nitrification process, and nutrients removal are highly significant to process highly contaminated POME. Besides, quality of POME process is extremely important to solve fresh water shortage that has blocked millions of people from accessing a clean water. Hence, attentions have been made on water pollution to raise a global demand to improve POME processing and discharge unharmful effluent to the waterways. For decades, using a stand-alone technology to treat POME has faced fouling, and disability to deliver the promising quality. A new approach is termed as hybrid or combined system has the ability to deliver higher performance and more effective contamination removal than stand-alone technologies. Hybrid system is a novel technique can be used to achieve higher efficacy that single physical, chemical, or biological technology can’t accomplish. This review reports various hybrid systems and united technologies to treat POME including their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations.

Abstract. This paper presents a research to recover mineral oil from industrial waste emulsion. This research also evaluates the standard of water produced after the oil recovery. The ecosystem could be polluted if this waste is not treated prior to discharge. The equipment needed for this experiment is power supply (generator), connecting wire and metal plate for providing the coagulant. The chosen plates were aluminium and iron plate. The power supply will be connected to the plate producing anode (positive terminal) and cathode (negative terminal). Both plates are immersed into a beaker containing waste emulsion. The charge supplied by the current will cause the aluminium or ferum to dissisipate and became ions. These ions will attract the oil to flock together and float at the surface. The water will then filter by using filter paper. Electrocoagulation was done without addition of chemical thus can prevent the hazard from the chemicals. The samples was sent for oil and grease test. The optimum time needed for recovery of oil was 3 hours. The percentage recovery reach constant trend of 95% afterwards. When the power consumption increases, the percentage recovery also increases. However, the current should be lower than 0.5 ampere as it is the limit that human body can withstand. Thus, power consumption of 27.5 Watt was chosen as optimum value. The oil recovery of at power consumption at 27.5W is 96%. The best plate in the process was the aluminium pair which can recover more than ferum plate. The present work concludes the promising future for waste water treatment by usage of electrocoagulation technique.

On large scale, many countries like Indonesia and Malaysia receive economic advantage from employing numerous mills to produce and sell palm oil. Despite the benefits, contaminated effluents from palm oil processing have polluted enormous quantities of fresh water, which leads to massive scarcity of fresh water. Moreover, vast quantities of fresh water with steady rainfalls were placed in a country known as Malaysia, but currently, it has massive fresh water wastage because of environmental pollution, and discharging unwell treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Also, the increasing amounts of POME suffocate agriculture, fresh water, aquatic life, and human health and results in a fantastic medium for bacteria, viruses, and diseases growth. Therefore, palm oil mill effluent receives huge attention since treatment technologies are highly cost, which forces palm oil industries to reuse wastewater in several needs and conserve the available fresh water. Presently, palm oil industries are looking for treatments with low costs, low energy consumptions, and good performance to boost a greener image of palm oil production. This review shows and summarizes most of the possible approaches of aerobic biological treatments to decompose POME, showing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this review finds developing a hybrid system comprised from number of aerobic biological treatments can defeat stand-alone technology limitations and improve effluent quality.