A Review Study of Biofilm Bacteria and Microalgae Bioremediation for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Possible Approach

Abstract

It was known where water is, there is a life, but presently, water is the primary source of diseases, viruses, and microbes. Before the industrial revolution, freshwater was available in vast quantities and everywhere, but the unwell treatments of wastewater have contaminated our fresh water. The palm oil industries discharge palm oil mill effluent (POME) under the forced standards, but it still pollutes the freshwater because it streams contaminated water, and not freshwater. There are many methods for wastewater treatment, but most of it reached its maximum effort, for example, physical technologies probably can give 90% removal of total pollutants with high capital cost. Hence, industries are trying to evolve biological treatments such as microalgae, and biofilm because of being friendly, and cost-efficient. This article reviews microalgae and biofilm bacteria ability for POME processing, and what possible advantages or valuable byproducts can produce. It concluded that uniting both treatments can lead to outstanding performance defeating withdraws and limitations.

Advances in POME treatment methods: potentials of phycoremediation, with a focus on South East Asia

“…High amount of suspended solids not only reduce light transmission, but also hinder nutrients availability to algal cells due to adsorption or absorption of nutrients to the particulate matter (Azianabiha et al 2019). This insoluble nutrient form is not readily available for algal assimilation, therefore, the primary and secondary treatment processes (including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and acetogenesis) of POME play an essential role, since the optimisation of these two phases in the treatment process can improve the colour of POME, enhance light penetration and increase nutrient uptake for algal growth (Khalid et al 2019;Al-Amshawee et al 2020). Chlorella sorokiniana biomass and productivity, and pollutant removal performance increased when introduced and cultivated in pretreated POME (Cheah et al 2018).…”

A review of wastewater bacterial bio oxidation: mechanisms, reactions, and behaviors

“…The process of decomposition of the intermediate produces N2O. Sometimes, N2O can be produced by the denitrification process at excessive concentrations of nitrite, where N2O, and N2 are formed by the reduction of NO2 [51][52].…”

Experimental investigation of biofilm carriers of varying shapes, sizes, and materials for wastewater treatment in fixed bed biofilm reactor: a qualitative study of biocarrier performance

“…In 1930, Tausz and Donath presented the concept of using microorganisms to treat contaminated soil, giving rise to wastewater organics and inorganics biodegradation 1 . Today, bioremediation is a commonly used method to degrade, transform, and chelate various toxic compounds as a source of carbon and energy driven by microorganisms 2,3 . Biofilm carriers have been presented to increase biomass retention, reduce the space area required, and colonize microbes without biomass recycling 4 …”

“…1 Today, bioremediation is a commonly used method to degrade, transform, and chelate various toxic compounds as a source of carbon and energy driven by microorganisms. 2,3 Biofilm carriers have been presented to increase biomass retention, reduce the space area required, and colonize microbes without biomass recycling. 4 Studies have introduced biofilm carriers to remain in continuous movement inside a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) through aeration or mechanical fluid stirring.…”