The effects of Fe2+ and Fe3+ as TiO2 cocatalysts were studied, and the experimental results showed that Fe3+ was more efficient than Fe2+, which needed an intermediate reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals. TiO2 was modified with the aim of improving its structural, optical, and adsorption properties, thus improving its photocatalytic performance. The light range of the catalyst activation process was expanded, which increased the catalyst's ability to absorb visible light. Consequently, this study exploits solar energy in photocatalysis by Fe ion doping using different methods, including impregnation, photodeposition, solvothermal doping, and hydrothermal doping, and evaluates the influence of each doping method on TiO2 optical properties and photocatalytic activity. Enhancing the catalyst adsorption capacity by morphologically modifying TiO2 nanoparticles into nanotubes using the hydrothermal method increases the catalyst surface area from 55 to 294 m2/g, as shown in the MEB and BET results. The effect of combining morphological changes and Fe3+ doping on TiO2 activity was evaluated. We observed a reduction in the TiO2 band gap from 3.29 to 3.01 eV, absorption edge widening, and an increase in the specific surface area up to 279 m2/g; thus, the synthesized catalyst eliminated Cefixime in 120 min.
A major problem related to heat treatment of milk is formation of deposits. This is due to chemical alteration of -lactoglobulin protein which will products deposits on the walls of the equipment. These deposits induce losses in the thermal performance of the heat exchanger. In order to provide an adequate prediction of these deposits, we present a two-dimensional (2D) modeling study of the channel of a plate heat exchanger. Instead of the former studies, where the domain is related to a single plate, our work is related to the area which is between two plates. This approach will allow a better understand and description of the evolution and the
The calculation of the calender-and-tube heat exchanger is based on empirical models validated on the laboratory scale. However, when doing an extrapolation at industrial scale, errors become significant because of the non-linearities of the thermophysical properties and the transfer coefficients along the heat exchanger. For that, a follow-up on the fouling resistance in heat exchangers of tube-calender type in Algiers' refinery is presented in this study. These exchangers are used to preheat the crude oil before its passage to the atmospheric column. The results obtained from the two cells of exchangers, which were studied, showed that the resistance and the deposit fouling increases with time following an exponential curve with the existence of the fluctuations caused by the instability of the flow. Bad cleaning of the exchangers involved the absence of an induction time, and consequently, caused high values of the resistance and the deposit fouling during a relatively short time.
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