In response to signals associated with infection or tissue damage, macrophages undergo a series of dynamic phenotypic changes. Here we show that during the response to LPS and interferon-γ stimulation, metabolic reprogramming in macrophages is also highly dynamic. Specifically, the TCA cycle undergoes a two-stage remodeling: the early stage is characterized by a transient accumulation of intermediates including succinate and itaconate, while the late stage is marked by the subsidence of these metabolites. The metabolic transition into the late stage is largely driven by the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC), which is controlled by the dynamic changes in lipoylation state of both PDHC and OGDC E2 subunits and phosphorylation of PDHC E1 subunit. This dynamic metabolic reprogramming results in a transient metabolic state that strongly favors HIF-1α stabilization during the early stage, which subsides by the late stage; consistently, HIF-1α levels follow this trend. This study elucidates a dynamic and mechanistic picture of metabolic reprogramming in LPS and interferon-γ stimulated macrophages, and provides insights into how changing metabolism can regulate the functional transitions in macrophages over a course of immune response.
Zinc supplementation at high levels results in increased hospitalizations for urinary complications compared to placebo. These data support the hypothesis that high dose zinc supplementation has a negative effect on select aspects of urinary physiology.
We developed an integrated monochromatic excitation light source integrating sphere based detection system to accurately characterize the absolute photoluminescence quantum efficiency of commonly used polymer light emitting films without using a reference sample. Our methodology is similar to the method reported by de Mello et al. [Adv. Mater. 9, 230 (1997)] In this Note, we show that the absolute photoluminescence quantum efficiency might only be measured when an appropriate calibration of the spectral variation of the measurement system is done. This calibration is especially important when employing a short excitation wavelength (<400 nm) for common silicon-based detector.
We report on high-performance, white light emission from polyfluorene co-polymers blend and study of the opto-electrical properties of polymer blend light-emitting devices (PLEDs) fabricated on plastic substrate. Our results show that efficient white light emission via energy transfer, producing higher device efficiencies and luminance in comparison with the conventional single PLEDs, can be realized by blending carrier donor (host) and acceptor (guest) organic polyfluorene co-polymers. A maximum luminance of 7400 cd/m 2 was achieved at 13 V with Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.33, 0.33). Maximum emission efficiency of 2 0 cd/A and power efficiency of 1 1 lm/W are obtained for white light PLEDs on plastic substrate. Index Terms-Flexible plastic substrate, polymer blend, polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), white polymer light-emitting diodes (WPLEDs). I. INTRODUCTION O VER the last several years, light-emitting devices (LEDs) based on organic materials have been attractive research subjects because of their potential applicability to large-size flat panel displays (FPDs) and solid-state lighting. The use of plastic substrates can add both device flexibility and reduced thickness, weight, and manufacturing costs of large-area FPDs [1]-[4]. Also, white light single-layer organic LEDs (OLEDs) can be used as a plane light source for current large-area liquid-crystal display (LCD) TVs and as back plane for future flexible full color displays in combination with color filters. Since the early 1990s, there have been many studies reporting the white light emission from either small moleculeor polymer-based devices. In 1995, Kido et al. developed an OLED consisting of three emitter layers with different carrier transport properties, each emitting blue, green, and red light to generate the white light [5]. In 1999, Deshpande et al. also demonstrated a white light emitting OLED consisting of green and blue emitting layers doped with a red emitting material. Here, the light emission was controlled by varying the concentration of the doping material and the thickness of Manuscript
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