The idea of Shrieke in his race theory, as quoted by Azra, says that the Portuguese expansion can not be separated from the Crusade War in Europe and the Middle East. It is further said that the desire of adventure and ambition of honor combined with religious spirit is the driving force that drives the expansion of the Portuguese into the Asian region. The arrival of the Portuguese came in early 1511 to Malacca, followed by other Europeans such as France, Britain and the Netherlands to various parts of the archipelago, ultimately creating resistance from the people of the archipelago. In an effort to defend his honor and his homeland, the indigenous fighters were not only from the Adam people, as some of them were heroes of the female sex. The colonial period and the effort to achieve independence are very difficult times to pass. Where at that moment, words no longer sounded but only the sounds of ammunition. This is certainly a difficult time especially for women. In this condition, they are required to maintain the honor and salvation of their own lives.
Instead of being called the motor of bureaucratic change from the traditional to the modern system of government, Raffles gave space and opportunity for the colonial officials to enlarge their power. Meanwhile, kings, sultans and local rulers are increasingly discouraged, especially in political and economic activities. One form of bureaucratic reforms decided by Raffles is the establishment of the Landelskel Stelsel System (Lease of land) which is considered to initiate a change in the socio-cultural movement and elevate the position of the peasants by abolishing the system of forced cultivation into a land contract system. On the contrary, this system became a proof of dominance against the much reduced priyayi. Especially after Raffles formed a new policy of lifting European employees. The new European employees and serve as escort officers, supervisors of regents and land-gained inspectors (Opziener der landelijke inkomsten) later referred to as pangreh praja (Controleur van het Binnenlands Bestuur).
Kiai Kholil is a scholar of international scale and a pivot of power for the synergy of the scholars network of santri. Specifically, in the land of Madura and Tapal Kuda ranging from Situbondo, Banyuwangi, Probolinggo and Bondowoso with the network of Pesantren Sidogiri Pasuruan and Talangsari Jember. By this coordination he succeeded to gather those social groups through the Sabilillah-Hizbullah laskar which also connected the kinship line of his predecessors. He was able to capture the hidden potentials behind the land and Madurese community, as Snouck Hurgronje had assessed as central to the network of scholars of santri in Java. This paper intends to trace the life of Kiai Kholil Al-Bangkalani as one of the influential clerics of his time. The influence was built not only by the kinship line it possesses, but also pioneered with great soul and expertise in various sciences and studies of social religious fields of society. His thoughts were contained in a number of works that continue to adorn the treasury of science from the past until today.
The Dutch colonization that occurred for years on the land of Cirebon resulted in the exploitation of natural and human resources which resulted in prolonged suffering. Of course, it leaves long-suffering for the people. Seeing this, the Cirebon ulama then assassinated the social movement they built as a form of rational reaction of the people to seize independence and fight for their rights over the domination and occupation of other nations in their homeland. Apart from, of course, this was also done because the people had already realized that they were not equipped with complete and sophisticated weapons. In this case, the ulama play a role as a central figure capable of mobilizing the power of the people and carrying out various resistance especially to fight for the welfare of the people in the religious, political, social, economic, and so on. Even though it involved various elements of the masses ranging from farmers, court officials, and shadow puppeteers, armed with jihad that continued to be echoed, they received retaliation which then led to imprisonment, exile, and even murder. Meanwhile, the Islamic boarding schools built by these ulama also received bombardments from the colonial side.
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