This paper describes the current understanding of the interaction between geospheres from a com plex set of physical and chemical processes under the influence of ionization. The sources of ionization involve the Earth's natural radioactivity and its intensification before earthquakes in seismically active regions, anthropogenic radioactivity caused by nuclear weapon testing and accidents in nuclear power plants and radioactive waste storage, the impact of galactic and solar cosmic rays, and active geophysical experi ments using artificial ionization equipment. This approach treats the environment as an open complex system with dissipation, where inherent processes can be considered in the framework of the synergistic approach. We demonstrate the synergy between the evolution of thermal and electromagnetic anomalies in the Earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. This makes it possible to determine the direction of the inter action process, which is especially important in applications related to short term earthquake prediction. That is why the emphasis in this study is on the processes proceeding the final stage of earthquake prepara tion; the effects of other ionization sources are used to demonstrate that the model is versatile and broadly applicable in geophysics.

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Abstract. The paper examines the possible relationship of anomalous variations of different atmospheric and ionospheric parameters observed around the time of a strong earthquake (M w 7.8) which occurred in Mexico (state of Colima) on 21 January 2003. These variations are interpreted within the framework of the developed model of the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling. The main attention is focused on the processes in the near ground layer of the atmosphere involving the ionization of air by radon, the water molecules' attachment to the formed ions, and the corresponding changes in the latent heat. Model considerations are supported by experimental measurements showing the local diminution of air humidity one week prior to the earthquake, accompanied by the anomalous thermal infrared (TIR) signals and surface latent heat flux (SLHF) and anomalous variations of the total electron content (TEC) registered over the epicenter of the impending earthquake three days prior to the main earthquake event. Statistical processing of the data of the GPS receivers network, together with various other atmospheric parameters demonstrate the possibility of an early warning of an impending strong earthquake.Keywords. Atmospheric composition and structure (Ion chemistry of the atmosphere) -Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (Atmospheric electricity) -Ionosphere (Ionosphere-atmosphere interactions)

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In this detailed study we have reported on single-crystal and polycrystalline phases of V 1+x S 2 ; 0.10 < x < 0.25, prepared using excess sulfur in a sealed quartz tube and investigated their structural, transport and magnetic properties. The crystal flakes have trigonal symmetry with 2c and incommensurate >2( √ 3)a superlattice ordering in the a-b plane. As-grown flakes showed complex irreversible behaviour in resistivity on cycling to low temperatures, related to the metastability of the structure. The annealing of the crystal flakes and addition of 5-10% Al stabilizes the superstructure. We observe an anomalous contribution to the resistance of these crystal flakes with a maximum around 100-150 K. The contribution is more pronounced for betterordered phases. The magnetic susceptibility and thermopower values of these compounds are large and vary smoothly on cooling around this temperature interval. The polycrystalline phase, obtained at a higher temperature, on the other hand, showed absence of superlattice distortions and gave a smooth behaviour in its resistance, but with a large T 2 -contribution. The structural and electronic properties of different phases are discussed in terms of disorder among the interstitial V atoms and the effect of in-plane vacancies on the chargedensity-wave instability in these and similar compounds.