A reconfigurable surface-plasmon-based filter/sensor using D-shaped photonic crystal fiber is proposed. Initially a D-shaped PCF is designed and optimized to realize the highly birefringence and by ensuring the single polarization filter. A tiny layer of silver is placed on the flat surface of the D-shaped fiber with a small half-circular opening to activate the plasmon modes. By the surface plasmon effect a maximum confinement loss of about 713 dB/cm is realized at the operating wavelength of 1.98 µm in X-polarized mode. At this wavelength the proposed fiber only allows Y-polarization and filters the X-polarization using surface plasmon resonance. It is also exhibiting maximum confinement loss of about 426 dB/cm at wavelength 1.92 µm wavelength for Y-polarization. At this 1.92 µm wavelength the proposed structure attenuated the Y-polarization completely and allowed X-polarization alone. The proposed PCF polarization filter can be extended as a sensor by adding an analyte outside this filter structure. The proposed sensor can detect even a small refractive index (RI) variation of analytes ranging from 1.34–1.37. This sensor provides the maximum sensitivity of about 5000 nm/RIU; it enables this sensor to be ideally suited for various biosensing and industrial applications.
The recent wireless communication networks rely on the new technology named Long Term Evolution (LTE) to offer high data rate real-time (RT) traffic with better Quality of Service (QoS) for the increasing demand of customer requirement. LTE provide low latency for real-time services with high throughput, with the help of two-level packet retransmission. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) retransmission at the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of LTE networks achieves error-free data transmission. The performance of the LTE networks mainly depends on how effectively this HARQ adopted in the latest communication standard, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The major challenge in LTE is to balance QoS and fairness among the users. Hence, it is very essential to design a down link scheduling scheme to get the expected service quality to the customers and to utilize the system resources efficiently. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of LTE MAC layer and six types of QoS/Channel-aware downlink scheduling algorithms designed for this purpose. The contributions of this paper are to identify the gap of knowledge in the downlink scheduling procedure and to point out the future research direction. Based on the comparative study of algorithms taken for the review, this paper is concluded that the EXP Rule scheduler is most suited for LTE networks due to its characteristics of less Packet Loss Ratio (PLR), less Packet Delay (PD), high throughput, fairness and spectral efficiency.
The spectral bio-diagnosis of normal human body saliva sample shows the following functional compounds and it is related to various proteins and enzymes. Because of the presence of water in the saliva sample, the hydroxyl group is observed in the form of O-H at 3,305 cm -1 , because of the presence of lipids, the functional group C-H is obtained from 2,928 to 2,856 cm -1 , due to the presence of amide-I in the form of C=N and C=C obtained at 1,658 cm -1 , the proteins are exhibited. Due to the presence of aliphatic CH 2 , the Lipids, Adenine, Cytosine, Collagen are observed at 1,455 cm -1 , because of the presence of Carbohydrates, Phospholipids, Nucleic acids, the functional groups C=O and P=O from 1,159 to 1,064 cm -1 are exhibited. Due to the presence of Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Cystine and Hydroxyapatite C-C twist, C-C stretch, C-S stretch and PO 4 2-are observed at 748 and 483 cm -1 . Silver nanoparticle has attracted considerable interest due to their extensive applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, energy and medicine. To study the opto-electronics properties of the samples, it was mixed with silver nanoparticles and characterized.
Abstract:Here we propose a model on Enhanced-Large Effective Area Fiber (E-LEAF)
In this work, we study the effect of in-phase soliton interaction with and without the effect of third order dispersion (TOD) in 100Gbps telecommunication system. The relative spacing of soliton is chosen as 5.28 (qo) and their interaction is noted in one collision period or length (Lcoll). The soliton interaction without TOD is noted with 2=-2.55ps2/Km and with TOD near Zero Dispersion (ZD) point of -0.22ps2/Km. The effect of TOD decreases the interaction effect when noted with TOD value of 3=0.01 ps3/Km and further there was no interaction with high value of 3=0.1 ps3/Km. The main characteristic of TOD causing temporal shifts is noted in in-phase solitons where thehigher deviation is noted with 3=0.1 ps3/Km than 3=0.01 ps3/Km. Further, we have also examined the effect of TOD with 3 and 6 solitons pulses to note the interaction effect. Finally it could be seen that when more than 2 soliton pulses are launched, TOD would degrade the system performance, where these adjacent pulses cross each other due to temporal shifts.
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