УДК 633. 853.494 : 631.53.04 : 631.559 (470.53) ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРИЕМОВ ПОСЕВА НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ МАСЛОСЕМЯН СОРТОВ ЯРОВОГО РАПСА В СРЕДНЕМ ПРЕДУРАЛЬЕ Селяков А.А., Богатырева А.С., Акманаев Э.Д.Реферат. В работе приведены результаты двухлетних и трехлетних исследований по уточнению приемов посева сортов ярового рапса в Среднем Предуралье. Выявлена реакция ярового рапса на изменение типа сошника и глубины заделки семян. Полевой трехфакторный опыт был заложен в 2016-2018 гг. на учебно-научном опытном поле ФГБОУ ВО Пермский ГАТУ. Почва опытного участкадерново-мелкоподзолистая тяжелосуглинистая. Установлено, что в условиях Пермского края наибольшую урожайность и валовой сбор жира с 1 гектара формируют агрофитоценозы, высеянные анкерным сошником на глубину 3 см (1,96 т/га и 911 кг/га для сорта Ратник и 2,16 т/га и 1005 кг/гадля гибрида Смилла соответственно). В среднем за 2017-2018 гг. урожайность изучаемых сортов ярового рапса не отличалась. Запланированный целью исследований уровень урожайности (не менее 2 т/га) в среднем за два года получен при посеве зарубежного гибрида на глубину 2 и 3 см анкерным сошником. Низкая урожайность ярового рапса в 2016 г. не позволила достичь планового показателя в среднем за три года исследований. Маслосемена ярового рапса были проанализированы на биохимический состав в лаборатории освоения агрозоотехнологий ФГБОУ ВО Пермский ГАТУ. Содержание в семенах сырого жира, золы, клетчатки, азота и протеина по всем изучаемым вариантам было одинаковым. Двухлетними исследованиями доказано, что валовой сбор жира с 1 га зависел от урожайности ярового рапса, в то время как содержание жира в семенах изменялось незначительно (44,94-46,68 %). Трехлетние данные подтверждают выводы, сделанные на основе анализа результатов опыта за два года.Ключевые слова: рапс, урожайность, приемы посева, биохимический анализ, маслосемена, валовой сбор жира. Abstract. The paper presents the results of two-year and three-year studies to clarify the sowing methods of spring rape varieties in the Middle Urals. The reaction of spring rape to the change of the type of coulter and the seeding depth has been revealed. A three-factor field experience was laid in 2016-2018 on the educational and experimental area of Perm State Agro-Technological University. The soil of the experimental plot is sod-small podzol heavy loam. It has been established that in Perm region, the highest yields and gross collection of fat from 1 hectare are formed by agrophytocenoses, sown with anchor coulter to a depth of 3 cm (1.96 tons per hectare and 911 kg per hectare for Ratnik variety and 2.16 tons per hectare and 1005 kg per hectare -for Smilla hybrid, respectively). On average for 2017-2018 years the productivity of the spring rape varieties under study was not different. The planned aim of research is the yield level (at least 2 tons per hectare) on average over two years obtained when sowing a foreign hybrid to a depth of 2 and 3 cm by anchor coulter. The low productivity of spring rape in 2016 did not allow to reach the planned f...
The article presents the results of two-factor field experience on the influence of mineral fertilizers on the seed productivity of spring rape varieties Ratnik and hybrid Smilla. The studies carried out in 2016-2018 on sod-mezopodzol loam soil training and research experimental fields of the Perm GATU. The positive effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers, as well as their complex application with phosphorus and potassium on the yield and elements of the yield structure was noted at both sites. Each subsequent increase in the dose of nitrogen in accordance with the scheme of experience led to a significant increase in productivity. The introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers increased the yield of all options in comparison with similar options without their use. The highest yield is typical for the hybrid Smilla (2.95 t/ha), for Ratnik variety the maximum yield was 2.32 t/ha. Hybrid Smilla is more responsive to the use of high doses of mineral fertilizers, its use is preferable in a high culture of agriculture. The introduction of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers has led to increased plant safety during the growing season. The maximum number of plants to be harvested was observed when applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and nitrogen in doses of 60 kg/ha.the use of complex mineral nutrition led to an increase in the number of plants to be harvested than in similar variants with the introduction of only nitrogen. Leaf diagnostics revealed that the lack of nitrogen is typical for options without fertilizers. Nitrogen application of 120 kg/ha, as well as 90 kg/ha on the phosphorus-potassium background provided a sufficient amount of nitrogen. The maximum dose of N120P60K60 led to excessive accumulation of nitrates in the plant. According to the provision of plants with phosphorus and potassium, a similar pattern was observed: when making a phosphorus-potassium background, the need for these nutrients was absent, and without the use of these fertilizers, plants had a weak need for them. Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the number of pods and the weight of 1000 seeds. The maximum values of these indicators are noted when the largest doses of nitrogen and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied.
The research was carried out in order to study the influence of methods of preparing crops for harvesting on the yield and biochemical composition of seeds of spring rapeseed in the Middle Urals. The work was carried out in 2020-2021 on soddy medium podzolic heavy loamy soil in Perm region. The experiment scheme included the following options: treatment with Liposam, Bifactor glue, Tornado, Adekvat desiccants, and a combination of adhesive preparations with desiccants. A variety of Russian selection Ratnik and a hybrid of foreign selection Smilla were grown. Biochemical analysis of seeds was carried out by conventional methods. Average for 2020 and 2021 seed yield of spring rapeseed variety Ratnik and hybrid Smilla was at the same level. A similar picture was observed for the content of crude fat, ash and protein. The concentration of crude fiber was higher in the oil seeds of the Smilla hybrid (by 0.5%). Treatment with adhesives and desiccants only affected the productivity of the Smilla hybrid. Significant yield increases, compared with the control, were noted in the options Bifactor, Liposam + Adekvat, Bifactor + Tornado (0.28, 0.27 and 0.39 t/ha, respectively). In the same variants, the largest gross harvest of fat and crude protein per 1 ha was recorded (the increase, in relation to the control, was 1.4...1.6 times). A change in the biochemical composition of spring rapeseed oilseeds was noted, depending on the studied methods of preparing crops for harvesting. Variety Ratnik reacted with an increase in the content of crude fat and crude fiber when treated with Adekvat desiccant, as well as an increase in the content of crude ash when Liposam glue was used together with desiccants. The Smilla hybrid responded more strongly to the joint treatment with Bifactor adhesive with Tornado desiccant (crude fat content increased by 2.4%, crude protein by 1.8%). The content of raw ash in the oilseeds of the foreign hybrid was influenced by the use of preparations Bifactor, Tornado, Liposam+ Adekvat.
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