In Ukraine, a sunflower is the main oil crop from which more than 90% of vegetable fats are produced. An increase in production is due to the expansion of cultivation area, which necessitates research on sunflower hybrids adaptability in the northern regions of Ukraine, where in recent decades, there has been a significant change of weather conditions and which may be favorable for its cultivation. The research was carried out in the Northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on light loam chernozems. Reaction to growing conditions of four hybrids was studied by establishing the stability and plasticity of hybrids in terms of yield formation due to changes in morphological characteristics of plants. Yield potential realization is high enough, which is provided by sufficient amounts of positive, active, effective temperatures and precipitation. Calculation of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows identifying stable sunflower hybrids, hybrids with a high level of plasticity, and recommending them to production. The yield of early-maturing hybrid Ukrainskyi F1 increases rectilinearly with plant density increasing (r = 0.977 -0.998), while hybrids P63LL06 (r = 0.651 -0.882); NK Ferti (r = 0.589 -0.846), and NK Brio (r = 0.689 -0.804) form a higher yield at standing densities up to 60 thousand plants per hectare, and with further thickening, the yield decreases. With the thickening of sowings, the height of all hybrids plants increases (r = 0.97 -0.99), and there is a decrease in the number of seeds per anthode, and the weight of 1000 seeds. Sunflower hybrids can be divided into the groups according to the peculiarities of yield formation due to morphological features: 1) yield increases only due to sowings' thickening-Ukrainskyi F1; 2) combined efficiency-increasing sowings' density to 60 thousand plants/ha and generative organs formation-NCKBrio; 3
To establish the plasticity and stability of corn and sunflower hybrids in terms of yield at varying abiotic environmental factors and identify them in terms of yield in different zones of Ukraine. Methods. Field multifactorial experiments, mathematical methods of data analysis. Results. The results of studies on the plasticity and stability of field crops in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine are presented on the example of yield of corn and sunflower hybrids which production in different regions of Ukraine is high. The average yield of maize hybrids is high and stable: in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe from 8.67 to 11.6 t/ha, in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe from 6.82 to 12.1 t/ha, with a coefficient of plasticity of 0.14-1.93. Of the 29 studied hybrids, 8 were high-plastic-b = 1.3-1.93; the combination of high plasticity and stability was found only in two hybrids: 'P8529' (b = 1.49; σd = 0.09) and 'ES Beatles' (b = 1.42, σd = 0.29). Highly sensitive to growing conditions were 'Orzhytsia 237 MB 58', 'Aspid', 'Ajax', 'Coximo' and 'Alvito' (b = 0.14-0.54). The reaction of hybrids on compaction of sowing and norms of mineral fertilizers was established. Through the formation of a root system with a certain morphology, yields during the 2015-2017 period varied from 6.82 to 12.1 t/ha. The plasticity of most hybrids was close to one. In the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the provision of moisture is a more restrictive factor than in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. The implementation of the potential of sunflower hybrids is much higher in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe varying from 2.10 to 3.68 t/ha, as compared to the Southern Steppe where it makes 0.81 to 3.07 t/ha. Conclusions. The establishment of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows the identification of stable yields of corn and sunflower hybrids of a high level of plasticity, which may be recommended for production in certain regions of cultivation. Adaptive cultivation technologies increase the stability of hybrids.
The purpose. To determine longevity of seeds of oily crops at different temperature storage procedures and their damage. To determine intensity of seed's respiration and factors which cause damage. Methods. Relative, analytical, field and laboratory methods. Results. At storage of seeds of oily crops in conditions of stable low positive (+5°С) or negative temperatures their longevity is preserved during the long period. At storage in conditions of variable temperatures «ex situ» the economic longevity of seeds is sweepingly lost (for 4-12 months). On an instance of soya bean it is shown how at various aspects and extents of damage of seeds intensification of respiration may lead to a sweeping viability loss of seeds. At modelling harvesting of corn dependences between moisture of seeds and level of their damage are determined. Conclusions. Features of preservation of longevity of seeds of sunflower, grey mustard, oily flux are determined and proved at different temperature storage procedures. Negative influence isproved of damaging seeds of soya bean and corn on their longevity.
To study the stages of growth of grain sorghum on the example of the application of the Vanderlip and Reeves scale for the study of sorghum varieties of domestic selection. Methods. Field research was conducted during 2012-2018 in the soil and climatic conditions of DP DG "Salyvinkivske", located in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe Zone of Ukraine. Grain sorghum varieties of domestic selection were used for research and the peculiarities of the manifestation of growth stages were identified visually and on the basis of the peculiarities of sorghum plant organ formation at the embryonic level. Results. The Vanderlip and Reeves scale describes the stages of sorghum growth on a scale from 0 to 9 and is based on the visual manifestation of the traits. It is determined that at the stage of emergence (Stage 0) the influence of environmental factors and agronomic techniques is critical. But in phase 3 of the leaves (Stage 1) the plants cannot compete effectively with the weeds. In phase 5 of the leaves (Stage 2) the plants are sensitive to the negative effects of pests and weeds. Also, lack of nutrients, moisture or drought can significantly reduce yields. Differentiation of the growth point (Stage 3) corresponds to the period of rapid growth of sorghum plants, and therefore the lack of mobile forms of nitrogen can cause growth restrictions. But during the appearance of the flag leaf (Stage 4) on the level of productivity of sorghum plants are factors of lack of sufficient nutrients and moisture in the soil, it is necessary to continue pest control. During the ejection of panicles (Stage 5) and flowering (stage 6), plants react most critically to the provision of moisture and the onset of the driest conditions of the growing season. At the stage of milk ripeness (stage 7), drought slows down the rate of grain filling, and excessive moisture contributes to the development of diseases. Conclusions. Using the Vanderlip and Reeves scale to identify growth stages does not require special knowledge of the peculiarities of the formation of sorghum at the embryonic level. At the same time, it is comparable to other scales and evenly covers the main phases of plant growth and development.
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