Expansion of variety and sustainable production of quality oilseed crops both in the world on the whole and in Ukraine in particular, is actual. The main factors of this are: the urgent need for raw materials, changes in weather and climatic conditions, changes in the structure of phytocenoses, development and spread of specific diseases and pests, and adaptive ability of species and varieties, etc. This problem is especially crucial when cultivating crops under stressful conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. In the cultivation of sunflower varieties and hybrids of modern plant breeding, we observe a pronounced reaction to changes in agricultural meteorological conditions of their cultivation. Our research was carried out for three years (2017-2019) in the Southern Steppe region of Ukraine, which has low rainfall. The methods of the analysis were field and mathematicalstatistical methods. We evaluated the levels of environmental plasticity in 23 sunflower hybrids. We used the Eberhard and Russel method (the plasticity and stability analysis) to fully evaluate new hybrids with regard to their adaptability to growing conditions and investigate the appropriate rate of response of genotypes to the growing technology. We have found that under the conditions of the Dry Steppe zone of Ukraine sunflower embodies its genetic potential by 45%. Based on the experimental data, we conducted the regression analysis resulting in a linear regression model that indicates the dependence of sunflower yield on agricultural meteorological indicators. The hydrothermal coefficient in 2017 was 0.75. Despite this, the sunflower plants formed the highest yield that year due to the sufficient minimum relative humidity of the air during flowering (BBCH 61-65) was 54.7%. Creating genotype shave an average value of plasticity of the yield (ranging from 0.83 to 1.19), namely: EU Arcadia SU, EU Genesis, NS-X-496, EU Generalis SL, EU Loris KLP, SI Bacardi KLP, SI Arizona. Hybrids of different intensity levels, that are genetically and biologically diverse, can be cultivated efficiently in different agricultural ecological growing zones.
To establish the plasticity and stability of corn and sunflower hybrids in terms of yield at varying abiotic environmental factors and identify them in terms of yield in different zones of Ukraine. Methods. Field multifactorial experiments, mathematical methods of data analysis. Results. The results of studies on the plasticity and stability of field crops in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine are presented on the example of yield of corn and sunflower hybrids which production in different regions of Ukraine is high. The average yield of maize hybrids is high and stable: in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe from 8.67 to 11.6 t/ha, in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe from 6.82 to 12.1 t/ha, with a coefficient of plasticity of 0.14-1.93. Of the 29 studied hybrids, 8 were high-plastic-b = 1.3-1.93; the combination of high plasticity and stability was found only in two hybrids: 'P8529' (b = 1.49; σd = 0.09) and 'ES Beatles' (b = 1.42, σd = 0.29). Highly sensitive to growing conditions were 'Orzhytsia 237 MB 58', 'Aspid', 'Ajax', 'Coximo' and 'Alvito' (b = 0.14-0.54). The reaction of hybrids on compaction of sowing and norms of mineral fertilizers was established. Through the formation of a root system with a certain morphology, yields during the 2015-2017 period varied from 6.82 to 12.1 t/ha. The plasticity of most hybrids was close to one. In the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the provision of moisture is a more restrictive factor than in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe. The implementation of the potential of sunflower hybrids is much higher in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe varying from 2.10 to 3.68 t/ha, as compared to the Southern Steppe where it makes 0.81 to 3.07 t/ha. Conclusions. The establishment of the coefficients of plasticity and stability allows the identification of stable yields of corn and sunflower hybrids of a high level of plasticity, which may be recommended for production in certain regions of cultivation. Adaptive cultivation technologies increase the stability of hybrids.
Extremely uneven distribution of moisture during the growing season dramatically increases not only the risk of safflower seeds yield reduction, but its quality as well. One of the main reserves of solving this problem is the dose of fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, and use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the critical phases of plant development. It is the optimum combination of these factors that is a significant reserve for increasing yield stability and quality of safflower seeds. The aim of the research was to identify the impact of AKM PGR on productivity of safflower plants at different levels of mineral fertilization. The results of the study on the impact of the AKM plant growth regulator on growth, development and yield formation of safflower in low moisture conditions of Southern Steppe of Ukraine are presented. Optimal concentration of AKM PGR (0.0015 g/l) was determined. Seeds, processed by AKM PGR, had laboratory germination 5.7 % higher than in the control. In 2016, the safflower plant height for all variants was higher than this figure in the other years of the study. This is because HTC in 2016 for the period BBCH 00-39 was higher than in 2015 by 1.4 times. Therefore 1 anthodium formed on average 13.2 to 21.6 seeds. AKM PGR increased, compared to control, both weight of seeds in 1 anthodium, and the number of anthodia during the study years, thanks to antistress properties of AKM. This preparation significantly affected yield only in unfavourable years, and the impact of fertilizers was insignificant. The AKM plant growth regulator is recommended for the use on safflower in 0.0015 g/l concentration.
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