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Background Cytopathological examination of pleural effusions is a fast and minimally invasive method for verification of the presence of neoplastic cells. We report our 2‐year experience using a categorised diagnostic system and reporting risks of malignancy (ROMs) for each defined category. Methods Cytological reports of patients between November 2016 and October 2018 were collected, with results primarily classified into a five‐tiered classification scheme. Immunohistochemistry markers used in cytology and their results were also recorded. Final agreement to histology and overall test performance was calculated for cases with available concomitant (up to 3 months) pleural biopsies. Results A total of 519 samples from 385 patients were collected, being 29 (5.6%) classified as non‐diagnostic, 291 (56%) as negative, 28 (5.4%) as atypical, 30 (5.8%) as suspicious and 141 (27.2%) as positive. Most requested markers were calretinin, TTF1, Ber‐EP4 and Gata‐3, being conclusive in 45 (76.3%) cases. Total cyto‐histological agreement was achieved in 49 (80.3%) specimens, with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 69.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 96.2% and negative predictive value was of 56%. ROM for each diagnostic category was 50% for non‐diagnostic, 44% for negative, 50% for atypical, 83.3% for suspicious and 96.2% for positive. Conclusions Our 2‐year retrospective study has shown a high specificity and positive predictive value for pleural cytology. The use of a five‐tiered system has also shown to be highly effective, with a concordantly progressive higher ROM for the assigned diagnostic categories.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of solid-organ and blood stem-cell transplants. It responds poorly to therapy, including reduction of immunosuppression, interferon, antivirals or chemotherapy. Small series of PTLD successfully treated with rituximab have been reported, and experimental studies suggest that rapamycin inhibits growth of human Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphocytes. We report two cases of PTLD after renal transplantation that were successfully treated with rituximab in association with rapamycin. This report suggests that rituximab associated with rapamycin could be an effective and safe treatment for PTLD.

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Introdução: O câncer de cavidade oral pode causar inúmeros sintomas de impacto nutricional, que afetam negativamente a qualidade de vida, aumentando a morbidade e mortalidade. A avaliação nutricional possibilita a detecção e o manejo desses sintomas, devendo ser realizada antes, durante e após o tratamento antineoplásico. Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil nutricional de pacientes ambulatoriais com câncer de cavidade oral em pré-tratamento antineoplásico, investigar as alterações que comprometem a ingestão alimentar e avaliar o estado nutricional, visando à intervenção o mais precocemente possível, para maior tolerância ao tratamento antineoplásico e prevenção da desnutrição. Método: Estudo transversal com 29 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, entre 30 e 75 anos de idade, portadores de câncer de cavidade oral em pré-tratamento antineoplásico. O perfil nutricional desses pacientes foi analisado de acordo com os sintomas referidos, perda de peso, consistência da dieta, número de refeições diárias, parâmetros bioquímicos, antropométricos e bioimpedância elétrica. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes se encontrava em estádio clínico IV (65,5%); referiu, no mínimo, dois sintomas de impacto nutricional (85,2%); e apresentou perda de peso grave em seis meses (56,5%). A circunferência muscular do braço e a área muscular do braço foram os parâmetros antropométricos que classificaram o maior percentual de desnutrição. Conclusão: Perda de peso não intencional, dificuldades de deglutição e reduzida ingestão alimentar foram observadas em grande proporção. A prevalência de desnutrição foi elevada e variou conforme o parâmetro utilizado, ressaltando que os parâmetros de avaliação devem ser utilizados complementarmente.