Summary1. Bottom ®shing using towed nets and dredges is one of the most widespread sources of physical disturbance to the continental shelf seas throughout the world. Previous studies suggest that degradation and ecosystem changes have occurred in intensively ®shed areas. Nevertheless, to date it has been di cult to attribute habitat and benthic community changes to ®shing e ort at a spatial scale that is truly representative of commercial ®shing activities. 2. In this study we present convincing evidence that chronic bottom-®shing disturbance has caused signi®cant and widespread changes in the structure of two distinct soft-sediment benthic assemblages and habitats. 3. Our study compared the benthic fauna found in areas that have been exposed to either high or low levels of bottom-®shing disturbance over the past 10 years. We were able to validate the ®shing e ort data in some areas using scars in the shells of a long-lived bivalve mollusc (Glycymeris glycymeris) which result from ®shing disturbance. Shell scars occurred most frequently in bivalves collected from the area of highest ®shing e ort. 4. Multivariate analyses and the response of abundance/biomass curves indicated that chronic ®shing has caused a shift from communities dominated by relatively sessile, emergent, high biomass species to communities dominated by infaunal, smaller-bodied fauna. Removal of emergent fauna has thus degraded the topographic complexity of seabed habitats in areas of high ®shing e ort. The communities within these areas currently may be in an alternative stable state.

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Scallops of the bivalve family Pectinidae are very valuable shellfish and the subject of various important commercial fisheries around the world. Most of these fisheries are at present dependent upon natural populations, which can fluctuate widely in abundance from year to year due to irregular recruitment and overfishing. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the possibilities of cultivating various scallop species and some success has been obtained in rearing larvae of Pecten maximus (L.) in the laboratory (Comely, 1972; Gruffydd & Beaumont, 1972). However, by far the most successful cultivation system developed for pectinids has been carried out for several years in Japan for Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay). Naturally produced spat settling on Collectors made from artificial materials are grown on to market size in cages in the sea or used to restock natural beds (Ito, Kanno & Takashashi, 1975; Querellou, 1975; Motoda, 1977).

Despite the current interest in using closed areas for fisheries management, few studies have actually examined the benefits for invertebrate fisheries such as scallops. This study details the dynamics of a population of great scallops Pecten maximus (L.), within a closed area and an adjacent fished area off the Isle of Man, over a 14 yr period (1989 to 2003). Scallop densities were very low in both areas when the closed area was set up, but increased at an accelerated rate over time within the closed area. Scallop densities also increased on the adjacent fishing ground, but not to the same extent. Consequently, the density of scallops above the minimum legal landing size (110 mm SL) was more than 7 times higher in the closed area than in the fished area by 2003. There was also a shift towards much older and larger scallops in the closed area and, correspondingly, lower estimates of total mortality. Experimental dredging of 2 plots within the closed area confirmed that fishing drove these differences in population dynamics and structure. These patterns of scallop density, age and size structure resulted in the exploitable biomass (adductor muscle and gonad) of scallops being nearly 11 times higher in the closed area than in the fished area by 2003, and the reproductive biomass was 12.5 times higher. This is significant for fisheries management because the build up of high densities of large P. maximus individuals enhanced local reproductive potential and therefore the likelihood of export of larvae to the surrounding fishing grounds. Along with these direct benefits of closed area protection, juvenile scallops had higher survival and individual growth rates in the closed area, apparently in response to reduced fishing disturbance. Although juvenile scallops are not subject to direct removal by fishing, protection during this critical phase therefore appeared to assist the recovery of the closed area population. In summary, this study joins a growing number indicating that the use of closed areas offers a range of benefits over more traditional methods of managing fisheries. Fisheries for relatively sedentary and long-lived species such as P. maximus appear to be particularly suitable for this type of management.

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Weight-specific oxygen consumption (90,) varied with body weight (W) in four crustacean species investigated under comparable experimental conditions. The value of the exponent b-l relating VO, to body weight was significantly different (P < 0.01) in the burrowing crustaceans Corystes cassjvelaunus and Nephrops norvegicus, compared to the nonburrowing anomurans. Galathea strigosa and Pagurus bernhardus. A mathematical transformation was used to provide a n index (K,/K,) of oxygen independence. Using this index it was found that oxygen independence was influenced by intrinsic factors (size and level of activity) and environmental factors (temperature and presence of substrate).

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