The analysis of possible phenomena in the superconductor-constriction-superconductor (S-c-S) junctions inserted into microwave circuits is carried out. The results of experiments in which properties of the junctions making them different in comparison with usual nonlinear microwave elements were studied are discussed. The characteristics of receiving devices such as amplifiers, detectors and converters operating on the basis of these phenomena are obtained. The limit characteristics of these devices in different regimes of operation are analysed and compared with experimentally achieved characteristics. It is shown that the noise properties of the receiving devices utilizing the S-c-S junctions close to ideal can be obtained for the frequencies lower than characteristic frequency of the junction. This frequency for known realizations of the S-c-S junctions (point contacts and thin film bridges of small dimensions) can reach of order of 500-1 000 GHz or in other words of the middle of the submillimeter waveband range
Millimetron is a Russian-led 12 m diameter submillimeter and far-infrared space observatory which is included in the Space Plan of the Russian Federation for launch around 2017. With its large collecting area and state-of-the-art receivers, it will enable unique science and allow at least one order of magnitude improvement with respect to the Herschel Space Observatory. Millimetron will be operated in two basic observing modes: as a single-dish observatory, and as an element of a groundExp Astron (2009) space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) system. As single-dish, angular resolutions on the order of 3 to 12 arc sec will be achieved and spectral resolutions of up to a million employing heterodyne techniques. As VLBI antenna, the chosen elliptical orbit will provide extremely large VLBI baselines (beyond 300,000 km) resulting in micro-arc second angular resolution.
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