Ultrasonography and arthroscopy should be combined to best evaluate pathology of the stifle, since each modality has its own limitations depending on the location and type of lesion.

Ophthalmic complications are common in patients with retrobulbar inflammation indicating that these patients should undergo ophthalmic assessment and follow-up.

BackgroundComputed tomography (CT) is highly accurate for diagnosing pancreatitis in humans. The diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs is based on clinical signs, laboratory findings, and ultrasonographic (US) changes. There are, however, inherent limitations in relying on laboratory and ultrasound findings for the clinical diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that CT angiography would be a rapid and reliable method to confirm pancreatitis in dogs compared to ultrasonography. The aim was to describe the CT characteristics and compare them to ultrasound findings and correlate the CT appearance to the severity of the patients' clinical course.AnimalsA prospective pilot case series; 10 dogs with pancreatitis were enrolled if the history, clinical signs, laboratory, and ultrasonographic findings were indicative of pancreatitis.MethodsA 3‐phase angiographic CT was performed under sedation. Afterward, each dog had US‐guided aspirates of the pancreas collected and blood drawn for cPLi assay. Images were evaluated for portion of visible pancreas, pancreatic size and margin, pancreatic parenchyma, presence of peripancreatic changes and contrast enhancement pattern. The results were compared with outcome.ResultsAn enlarged, homogeneously to heterogeneously attenuating and contrast‐enhancing pancreas with ill‐defined borders was identified in all dogs. CT identified more features characterizing pancreatic abnormalities compared to US. Thrombi were found in 3/10 dogs. Three dogs with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had an overall poorer outcome than those with homogenous enhancement.Conclusions and Clinical Importance CT angiography under sedation was used in dogs to confirm clinically suspected pancreatitis and identified clinically relevant and potentially prognostic features of pancreatitis in dogs.

Objectives: To describe MRI features of canine retrobulbar inflammation, their association with clinical findings and outcome and to assess the value of MRI in detecting orbital foreign bodies. Materials and MethOds:Clinical records of dogs with confirmed (23 of 31) and suspected (eight of 31) retrobulbar inflammation that underwent low field MRI studies were analysed retrospectively.results: Of the 31 dogs included in the study there was abscessation in 19. Extraocular myositis (27 of 31) was concurrent with strabismus in three cases. Of 25 patients with exophthalmos, 14 had concurrent optic nerve swelling and, of these, five had permanent loss of vision. There was no vision loss in patients without nerve swelling. One case of suspected retinal detachment on MRI was confirmed clinically. Extensive abnormal contrast enhancement in the temporalis, masseter and pterygoideus muscles was associated with facial (n=3) and trigeminal nerve deficits (n=1). Three patients with inflammation extending into the nasal cavity and frontal sinus (one of 31) or meningeal contrast enhancement (two of 31), showed optic and oculomotor nerve deficits. On MRI a foreign body was not visible in 20 of 31 case or "appeared likely" in 11 of 31 dogs. A foreign body was found at surgery in one case. clinical significance: MRI outlines the extent of retrobulbar inflammation. Clinical findings were associated with imaging findings. MRI overestimated the presence of foreign bodies. ttp://www.bsava.com/ M. C. Fischer et al.

The extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging is variable between horses. Our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the T(1) relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low-field magnet (0.27 T). The hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary band. A modified inversion recovery fast spin-echo (IR-FSE) sequence was used to measure the signal intensity for a range of inversion times (TIs) at six different regions of interest (ROI): (1) distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, (2) proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, (3) distal aspect of the middle phalanx, (4) navicular bone, (5) proximal aspect of the distal phalanx, and (6) distal aspect of the distal phalanx. The T(1) of the bone marrow in the equine distal limb was calculated from the results and was found to increase by 3.13 ± 0.08 (SE) ms/°C. There was no significant effect of age (2-16 years) but the T(1) values measured from the limbs of young (< 1 year) animals were considerably longer (32.6 ± 1.7 (SE) ms). Similar effects of temperature and age were found for all measured ROIs but there were significant differences in the mean values of T(1) , ranging from +7.7 (distal aspect of the distal phalanx) to -13.2 ms (distal aspect of the proximal phalanx).

A 4-year-old Irish Setter was presented with a history of progressive left pelvic limb lameness. Orthopedic examination revealed pain on manipulation of the left stifle. Radiographs showed an osteolytic lesion in the subchondral bone of the medial tibial condyle. Fine-needle aspirates were taken, and cytology revealed numerous cohesive clusters of plump, oval to spindloid cells often with perivascular distribution and moderate cellular atypia. A diagnosis of sarcoma was made with synovial cell sarcoma (SCS) and histiocytic sarcoma being the 2 main differentials. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of sarcoma and provided the same differentials. All neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin, and approximately 5% of them also stained with pan-cytokeratin using immunohistochemical staining methods. Neoplastic cells did not express CD18. The combination of this immunohistochemical profile and cell morphology was consistent with an SCS. Synovial cell sarcoma is a rare and poorly understood canine tumor entity. This is the first extensive description of the cytologic features of this neoplasm. The literature was also reviewed, focusing on comparative aspects of dogs and people, with a special emphasis on the cell of origin and diagnostic tools. Controversies regarding the nomenclature of this tumor are also presented. The authors propose a new term (cytokeratin-positive joint-associated sarcoma) for addressing this neoplasm until the cell of origin of this tumor is elucidated.

A well-defined, tortuous, and tubular soft tissue opaque structure has been observed within the left mid abdominal cavity in digital radiographs of some cats. Authors hypothesized that this radiographic "spaghetti sign" is a predictor for spleno-systemic collateral circulation. The purpose of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to further characterize radiographic "spaghetti signs" in a group of cats and compare these signs with results of ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT). A multiinstitutional database was reviewed for radiographic reports describing the presence of a tubular tortuous structure within the left abdominal cavity of feline patients. Patients were included if additional abdominal ultrasound or CT studies were available.Imaging studies and medical records were retrieved and reviewed by a board-certified veterinary radiologist, and characteristics were recorded. Eighteen cats met the inclusion criteria. The presence of a tortuous vessel consistent with spleno-systemic collateral circulation was observed by ultrasonography or CT examinations in all patients with a "spaghetti sign" on abdominal radiographs. All patients were spayed females. One cat showed ultrasonographic imaging features consistent with portal hypertension. In conclusion, findings supported the hypothesis that a radiographic "spaghetti sign" is a predictor of spleno-systemic collateral circulation in feline patients and should be distinguished from other signs such as focal loss of serosal detail or a space occupying lesion.

A 2.5-year-old spayed female Siamese cat was presented with a recurrent exudative wound in the right perirectal fossa. Clinical examination at presentation revealed a 1 cm long open wound with purulent discharge in the right perirectal fossa but was otherwise unremarkable. A computed tomography contrast-enhanced study showed a tracking sinus which could be traced from the right dorsolateral perianal region right up to the level of the vagina. Surgical exploration was performed from the perirectal region. The intermuscular sinus tract, which formed a cystic structure and connected to the vaginal wall, was en bloc excised. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a dermoid sinus in the perirectal fossa with vaginal infiltration. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report in the veterinary literature of the successful surgical management of a dermoid sinus in the perianal region connected to the vaginal wall in a cat.