АННОТАЦИЯ В структуре эпизоотической ситуации на территории РФ доминирующее положение занимают болезни продуктивных животных, наносящие значительный экономический ущерб товарному производству, либо социально значимые заболевания, в основном антропозоонозы, которые, зачастую, угрожают человеческой жизни. Ликвидации этих заболеваний государство уделяет большое внимание и выделяет на профилактику и борьбу с ними необходимые ресурсы. В статье приведены данные мониторинга эпизоотической ситуации по распространению вирусного лейкоза кошек в популяции домашних кошек г. Москвы и гематологические показатели положительных по данной инфекции животных.
Background Feline calicivirus (FCV) is widespread throughout the world. An FCV infection is associated with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mouth ulcers that can lead to the animal’s death. Because vaccination is not always effective, it is necessary to monitor the infection regularly. Objectives This study examined the FCV epizootic situation in the Moscow metropolitan area by conducting a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the virus isolates. Methods Samples from 6213 animals were examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, 12 nucleotide sequences obtained from animal samples were selected. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method. Results The FCV genome was detected in 1,596 (25.7%) samples out of 6,213. In 2018, calicivirus was detected in 18.9% of samples, 27.8% in 2019, 21.4% in 2020, and 32.6% in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the F ORF2 region and the ORF3 start region led to division into two FCV genogroups. Most of the isolates (8 out of 12) were close to the Chinese strains. On the other hand, there were isolates closely related to European and American strains. The isolates circulating in Moscow were not included in clusters with vaccine strains; their nucleotide similarity varied from 77% to 83%. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence and genetic diversity of the FCV in Moscow. The epizootic situation remains stably tense because 24 viruses were detected in 25% of animals annually.
Relevance. The analysis of the possibility of using milk as a non-invasive type of samples in the epizootological control of diseases of cattle is given. During pathogenesis, many etiologic agents cause breast lesions or are excreted together with milk, which makes milk an ideal sample for laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases of cattle, since it is available in any quantity and its samples are easy to collect.Methods. Conventional methods of document analysis were used.Results. It is shown that milk samples can be used both at the individual and at the population level for early identification of infected herds, screening of infected herds and use to obtain evidence of the well-being of herds. The availability of commercial diagnostic test systems for detecting antibodies in milk to the causative agents of leukemia of cattle, viral diarrhea of cattle, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Fasciola hepatica, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) makes available programs for the control and eradication of diseases in dairy herds and at the level of countries. The use of combined non-invasive milk samples makes it possible to combat slowly progressive and chronic cattle infections of dairy cattle (bovine leucosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis), and exclude carrier animals from the production chain in real time, which indicates the feasibility of introducing this type of samples into veterinary practice in the Russian Federation.
Introduction. Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are causative agents of diarrhea, respiratory diseases in calves and winter cow dysentery. The study of genetic diversity of these viruses is topical issue. The purpose of the research is studying the genetic diversity of BCoV isolates circulating among dairy cattle in Siberia. Materials and methods. Specimens used in this study were collected from animals that died or was forcedly slaughtered before the start of the study. The target for amplification were nucleotide sequences of S and N gene regions. Results. Based on the results of RT-PCR testing, virus genome was present in 16.3% of samples from calves with diarrheal syndrome and in 9.9% with respiratory syndrome. The nucleotide sequences of S gene region were determined for 18 isolates, and N gene sequences - for 12 isolates. Based on S gene, isolates were divided into two clades each containing two subclades. First subclade of first clade (European line) included 11 isolates. Second one included classic strains Quebec and Mebus, strains from Europe, USA and Korea, but none of sequences from this study belonged to this subclade. 6 isolates belonged to first subclade of second clade (American-Asian line). Second subclade (mixed line) included one isolate. N gene sequences formed two clades, one of them included two subclades. First subclade included 3 isolates (American-Asian line), and second subclade (mixed) included one isolate. Second clade (mixed) included 8 sequences. No differences in phylogenetic grouping between intestinal and respiratory isolates, as well as according to their geographic origin were identified. Conclusion. The studied population of BCoV isolates is heterogeneous. Nucleotide sequence analysis is a useful tool for studying molecular epidemiology of BCoV. It can be beneficial for choice of vaccines to be used in a particular geographic region.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae – is a causative agent of the enzootic pneumonia of pigs, a major pathogen of porcine respiratory disease complex which is ubiquitous, especially in regions with intensive swine industry. Investigation was done in 3 industry-type farms, located in Uralsky and Siberian Federal districts. Biological material was taken from pigs of various age and sows. Bronchoalveolar lavage and saliva were used as samples for PCR (n=10 for each group). Blood serum samples were used for antibody detection against M. hyopneumoniae (n=10 for each group). It was found that propotion of positive samples between farms was vary widely. In the 1st farm positive samples have only been presented by saliva samples. In contrast, in the 3rd farm all positive samples (45% of the total) were bronchioalveolar lavage samples. Finally, almost equal positive rate between saliva and bronchioalveolar lavage samples has been found at the 2nd farm. Thus, variation detected in the results of comparative study of the detection on M. hyopneumoniae in saliva and bronchioalveolar lavage samples did not allow us to make a conclusion that one of these materials has a clear advantages over the second one, that would be represented in all farms studied. Moreover, antibody detection against M. hyopneumoniae data did not demonstrate any significant differences between farms investigated. Therefore, both materials should be used in screening PCR studies.
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) belongs to retrovirus family, causing various proliferative and immunosuppressive diseases in felines. There are two forms of FeLV: endogenous (enFeLV) and exogenous (exFeLV), the latter has 4 subgroups: A, B, C and T with different receptor specificity. The FeLV-A is the most abundant transmissive form. The FeLVB emerged as a recombinant between provirus FeLV-A and endogenous virus of domestic cats. The FeLV-C appeared as a result of accumulation of mutations in the env FeLV-A gene. The chimeric FeLV-T virus was obtaind as recombination event between 61E and 61C viruses. This review also covers two new recently described subgroups - FeLV-D и TG35.
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