Background Feline calicivirus (FCV) is widespread throughout the world. An FCV infection is associated with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mouth ulcers that can lead to the animal’s death. Because vaccination is not always effective, it is necessary to monitor the infection regularly. Objectives This study examined the FCV epizootic situation in the Moscow metropolitan area by conducting a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the virus isolates. Methods Samples from 6213 animals were examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, 12 nucleotide sequences obtained from animal samples were selected. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method. Results The FCV genome was detected in 1,596 (25.7%) samples out of 6,213. In 2018, calicivirus was detected in 18.9% of samples, 27.8% in 2019, 21.4% in 2020, and 32.6% in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the F ORF2 region and the ORF3 start region led to division into two FCV genogroups. Most of the isolates (8 out of 12) were close to the Chinese strains. On the other hand, there were isolates closely related to European and American strains. The isolates circulating in Moscow were not included in clusters with vaccine strains; their nucleotide similarity varied from 77% to 83%. Conclusions This study revealed a high prevalence and genetic diversity of the FCV in Moscow. The epizootic situation remains stably tense because 24 viruses were detected in 25% of animals annually.
Introduction. Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs) are causative agents of diarrhea, respiratory diseases in calves and winter cow dysentery. The study of genetic diversity of these viruses is topical issue. The purpose of the research is studying the genetic diversity of BCoV isolates circulating among dairy cattle in Siberia. Materials and methods. Specimens used in this study were collected from animals that died or was forcedly slaughtered before the start of the study. The target for amplification were nucleotide sequences of S and N gene regions. Results. Based on the results of RT-PCR testing, virus genome was present in 16.3% of samples from calves with diarrheal syndrome and in 9.9% with respiratory syndrome. The nucleotide sequences of S gene region were determined for 18 isolates, and N gene sequences - for 12 isolates. Based on S gene, isolates were divided into two clades each containing two subclades. First subclade of first clade (European line) included 11 isolates. Second one included classic strains Quebec and Mebus, strains from Europe, USA and Korea, but none of sequences from this study belonged to this subclade. 6 isolates belonged to first subclade of second clade (American-Asian line). Second subclade (mixed line) included one isolate. N gene sequences formed two clades, one of them included two subclades. First subclade included 3 isolates (American-Asian line), and second subclade (mixed) included one isolate. Second clade (mixed) included 8 sequences. No differences in phylogenetic grouping between intestinal and respiratory isolates, as well as according to their geographic origin were identified. Conclusion. The studied population of BCoV isolates is heterogeneous. Nucleotide sequence analysis is a useful tool for studying molecular epidemiology of BCoV. It can be beneficial for choice of vaccines to be used in a particular geographic region.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a significant economic impact on pig farming worldwide by causing reproductive problems and affecting the respiratory systems of swine. In Eastern Europe, PRRSV-1 strains are characterized by high genetic variability, and pathogenicity differs among all known subtypes. This case study describes the detection of a wide pathogen spectrum, including the second subtype PRRSV-1, with a high mortality rate among nursery piglets (23.8%). This study was conducted at a farrow-to-finish farm in the Western Siberia region of Russia. Clinical symptoms included apathy, sneezing, and an elevation in body temperature, and during the autopsy, degenerative lesions in different tissues were observed. Moreover, 1.5 percent of the affected animals displayed clinical signs of the central nervous system and were characterized by polyserositis. Nasal swabs from diseased piglets and various tissue swabs from deceased animals were studied. For diagnostics, the nanopore sequencing method was applied. All the samples tested positive for PRRSV, and a more detailed analysis defined it as a second subtype of PRRSV-1. The results, along with the clinical picture, showed a complex disease etiology with the dominant role of PRRSV-1 and were informative about the high pathogenicity of the subtype in question under field conditions.
Porcine parvovirus 6 (PPV6) was first identified in aborted swine fetuses in China in 2014. Since its identification, an increased number of PPV6 cases have been reported in many countries with developed pig breeding. In this study, the first identification of porcine parvovirus 6 in Russia, its phylogenetic analysis, and its characterization in vitro are reported. During the investigation, 521 serum samples collected from pigs of different ages from seven regions of the Russian Federation were tested. In four regions, the DNA of the virus was detected. The overall prevalence of porcine parvovirus 6 in Russia was 9.4%. Fattening pigs were the group with the most frequent detection of the virus genome. Phylogenetic analysis of the Russian isolate detected in a domestic boar indicated high homology with strains from Spain. In vitro studies revealed that PPV6 mostly replicates in SPEV and SK cell cultures and, to a lesser extent, in ST. Our results demonstrated that PPV6 induced typical apoptotic features in cells, including DNA fragmentation, chromatin margination, nuclear condensation, pyknosis of nuclei, symplast formation, and various pathological mitoses.
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