Ocimum americanum and O. basilicum bloom once a year. They produce flowers over a long period, a few flowers being produced each day. The flowers of both are short‐lived (3‐4 hours), bisexual, zygomorphic, and chasmogamic with anthers dehiscing in the bud stage. The open flowers offer nectar and pollen as rewards and are visited and sternotribically pollinated by day‐flying animals. The blossoms are flag‐shaped, and the reproductive organs are close to the lower corolla lip. The stamens and stigma show movements immediately after anthesis and remain for 20–30 minutes and this may cause self‐pollination. Both species reproduce primarily through autogamy. Flowers are open during 5:30–13:30 hr in O. americanum and during 7:00–13:00 hr in O. basilicum. Certain bee species like Apis florea, A. cerana indica, Amegilla sp., and Pseudapis oxybeloies, and the butterfly Surandra queretroum are the most frequent and consistent visitors and can be pollinators for both plant species.

C omm u n fi c a ft fi o n P o fl fl fi n a ft fi o n e c o fl o g y a n d f r u fi ft fi n g b e h a v fi o r o f P a v e ft ft a fi n d fi c a L . ( R u b fi a c e a e ) , a k e y s ft o n e s h r u b s p e c fi e s fi n ft h e s o u ft h e r n E a s ft e r n G h a ft s f o r e s ft , A n d h r a P r a d e s h , I n d fi a A . J . S o fl om o n R a j u , M . M a fl fl fi k a r j u n a R a o , K . V e n k a ft a R am a n a , C . P r a s a d a R a o & M . S u fl a k s h a n a

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Lumnitzera racemosa is a non-viviparous evergreen mangrove tree species. It is a massive bloomer from mid-July to mid-August. The flowers are bisexual, self-compatible, self-pollinating and exhibit a mixed breeding system. The plant is temporally dioecious with marked protandry and a non-receptive stigma on day one of anthesis with a receptive stigma on days two and three. Fruit set is approximately 90% due to self and cross-pollination. The floral characters are related to pollination by generalized flower-visiting insects, notably actinomorphy, white spreading petals, limited but easily accessible nectar, and position of stamens. Pollinators include bees, wasps and butterflies. Fruits are invariably 1-seeded despite the presence of 3-5 ovules. Natural regeneration is low perhaps due to abortion of embryos or the feeding of embryos by small grubs. Fallen mature fruits become fibrous in water and this may aid dispersal in the sea. However, fruit germination and seedling establishment is curtailed due to their salinity-sensitivity.

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Derris trifoliata is a perennial woody climber.  It blooms massively for about two weeks in July/August. The flowers are hermaphroditic, feebly protandrous, self-compatible and display a vector dependent mixed breeding system.  They close back by the end of the day of anthesis.  The forenoon anthesis and pollen and nectar as rewards attract daytime foragers.  The nectar feeding foragers require strength to depress the keel petals in order to collect nectar; only those foragers which have the required strength to do so can collect nectar and in the process trip the floral mechanism and effect pollination. When floral explosion occurs, the pollen is somewhat exposed and the pollen feeding foragers then collect it.  Both long- and short-tongued bees trip the flowers, collect nectar and effect pollination. Individual flowers that were not tripped by insects set fruit to negligible level.  In open-pollination mode, fruit set rate is up to 30-31% only despite the flowers being visited by insect pollinators.  Fruits mature quickly within a month.  Each fruit contains 1-3 seeds against 6 linearly arranged ovules in the ovary.  The fruits are leathery and possess air cavities, the characteristics of which enable them to float in tidal water.  They settle at the parent plant if the site is partly or fully exposed or float for dispersal if the site is inundated with tidal water.  Seed release occurs when fruits absorb water and the pericarp breaks.  Seeds germinate only when they reach a suitable habitat in mangroves.

e n d r a K um a r 2 6 J u n e 2 0 1 6 | V o l . 8 | N o . 6 | P p . 8 8 5 6 0 -8 8 7 6 1 0 . 1 1 6 0 9 / j o t . 2 2 7 5 . 8 . 6 . 8 8 6 0 -8 8 7 6T h r e a t e n e d T a x a A l l a r fi c l e s p u b l fi s h e d fi n t h e J o u r n a l o ff T h r e a t e n e d T a x a a r e r e g fi s t e r e d u n d e r C r e a fi v e C omm o n s A t r fi b u fi o n 4 . 0 I n t e r n afi o n a l L fi c e n s e u n l e s s o t h e rw fi s e m e n fi o n e d . J o T T a l l ow s u n r e s t r fi c t e d u s e o ff a r fi c l e s fi n a n y m e d fi um , r e p r o d u c fi o n a n d d fi s t r fi b u fi o n b y p r o v fi d fi n g a d e q u a t e c r e d fi t t o t h e a u t h o r s a n d t h e s o u r c e o ff p u b l fi c a fi o n .O P E N A C C E S S P a r t n e r www . t h r e a t e n e d t a x a . o r g I S S N 0 9 7 4 -7 9 0 7 ( O n l fi n e ) | I S S N 0 9 7 4 -7 8 9 3 ( P r fi n t )T h e fi n t e r n a fi o n a l j o u r n a l o ff c o n s e r v a fi o n a n d t a x o n om y J o u r n a l o ff T h r e a t e n e d T a x a P u b l fi s h e r / H o s t F o r F o c u s , S c o p e , A fim s , P o l fi c fi e s a n d G u fi d e l fi n e s v fi s fi t h t p : / / t h r e a t e n e d t a x a . o r g / A b o u t _ J o T T . a s p F o r A r fi c l e S u bm fi s s fi o n G u fi d e l fi n e s v fi s fi t h t p : / / t h r e a t e n e d t a x a . o r g / S u bm fi s s fi o n _ G u fi d e l fi n e s . a s p F o r P o l fi c fi e s a g a fi n s t S c fi e n fi fi c M fi s c o n d u c t v fi s fi t h t p : / / t h r e a t e n e d t a x a . o r g / J o T T _ P o l fi c y _ a g a fi n s t _ S c fi e n fi fi c _M fi s c o n d u c t . a s p F o r r e p r fi n t s c o n t a c t < fi n ff o@ t h r e a t e n e d t a x a . o r g > Funding: Self-funded. Conflict of Interest:The authors declare no competing interests. Author Contribution: Both the authors contributed to a similar extent overall. Acknowledgements:We thank the Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, for providing necessary facilities to carry out this research work.On the reproductive ecology of Suaeda maritima, S. monoica and S. nudiflora (Chenopodiaceae) Abstract: Floral biology, sexual system, breeding system, pollinators, fruiting and seed dispersal aspects of three Suaeda species, S. maritima, S. monoica and S. nudiflora (Chenopodiaceae) were studied. The flowers of all the three species are hermaphroditic, dichogamous, strongly protogynous with a pistillage phase during the mature bud stage and staminate phase following anthesis, self-compatible exhibiting mixed breeding systems with special adaptation for cross-pollination; but both self-and cross-pollination are vector-dependent. In all, the flowers display a mix of anemophilous and entomophilous traits. Anemophily is effective in high salt marshes while water currents bring about pollination in low salt marshes; insects pollinate the flowers while collecting the forage from pistillate and staminate phase flowers. In these species, the whole plant breaks off and rolls on the floor while shedding its diaspores. Fruits with se...

The flowers of Anisomeles indica and A. malabarica are zygomorphic, bilabiate, gulletshaped and nectariferous, and are visited by insects as well as birds for nectar and/or pollen. The bees Xylocopa latipes, X. Pubescens, Amegilla sp., Apis florea and Megachile sp., and the sunbirds of the genus Nectarinia are the principal pollinators of A. indica, while the former three and the last and the wasp Rhynchium metallicum are for A. malabarica. Pollination by Xylocopa and Nectarinia is nototribic and that by Apis, Megachile, Amegilla is noto‐ and/or sternotribic. The small bodied Trigona, Pseudapis and Ceratina collected pollen sternotribically. It is concluded that adaptation of both species to insect and bird pollination and to a flexible breeding system involving both selfing and crossing, safeguards their survival under changing environments.