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The aim of the study was to assess the influence of selected demographic and lifestyle factors on the intake of lutein by groups of Polish women aged 19-81 years. The study was carried out in 100 respondents in the year 2006 with the use of 4-day dietary food records. The mean intake of lutein was 2.16 mg/person/day. The primary sources of lutein in food rations of the participants were vegetables and vegetable products (72.2%), especially leafy vegetables (48.6%), cereal products (9.3%) and eggs (7.9%). The main determinants of lutein intake in the groups of Polish women were age (r=0.238, P=0.017), body mass index (r=0.250, P=0.012), place of dwelling (r=0.206, P=0.050) as well as occupation (r= - 0.249, P=0.013). The knowledge of environmental factors affecting lutein consumption is important because of its role in the prevention of diet-related diseases.

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The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C administered individually or in combination may differently modify their levels in blood plasma being also markers of the oxidative stress. Male Wistar rats were supplemented antioxidants per os (α-tocopherol -2 mg/d, ascorbic acid -12 mg/d, β-carotene -1 mg/d), both individually or in combination of 2 or 3, for 14 days. During experiment, half of the animals in each group (n=8) were subjected to treadmill exercise for 15 min at the speed of 20 m/min, to induce oxidative stress. Vitamins in rat plasma were assessed by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results suggest that vitamin E and C supplemented simultaneously may provide some benefit during physical exercise. The significant influence of administered α-tocopherol acetate and physical exercise on the level of α-tocopherol in the plasma was observed. Thus only the concentration of α-tocopherol in blood may be treated as a marker of oxidative stress.

Male young growing rats of Wistar strain (n=54) were fed a vitamin E deficient diet for 3 days of adaptation period and then 10 days of experimental period. After adaptation half of the rats ran, once per a day, on a treadmill with a rate of 2.0 m/s for 15 minutes for the following 10 days. Animals were given orally 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 4.0 mg/d/rat of α-tocopherol. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of physical training on tocopherol and insulin concentrations in the blood plasma of rats treated with different doses of vitamin E. The concentrations of α-tocopherol (HPLC-UV method used) and insulin (rat insulin specific RIA method used) were estimated in the blood plasma. Lower concentration of vitamin E in physically trained animals was observed, which may suggest increased needs of organisms for antioxidants, as a result of increased free radical production. In trained rats a lower concentration of plasma insulin was also observed. This effect is probably related to improvement in insulin action observed in organisms under physical exercise. The most significant impact on plasma α-tocopherol was due to its supplementation level. The treatment of rats with different doses of α-tocopherol was found to be not related to insulin concentration in plasma. A significant increase in feed conversion factor was noted in vitamin E treated animals. The obtained results suggest that the increased requirement of trained rats for antioxidants might be covered by α-tocopherol supplementation.

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