Patients exposed to a surgical safety checklist experience better postoperative outcomes, but this could simply reflect wider quality of care in hospitals where checklist use is routine.

This article described the main theses of clinical guidelines of the Russian Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists on postoperative pain management. The classification, etiology and pathogenesis of postoperative pain, the basic principles and algorithms for diagnosing pain, and the regional and systemic pharmacotherapy of pain in various fields of surgery are consistently presented. Multimodal analgesia is described in detail as a key concept of a current approach to the treatment of postoperative pain.

Background The Clavien–Dindo classification is perhaps the most widely used approach for reporting postoperative complications in clinical trials. This system classifies complication severity by the treatment provided. However, it is unclear whether the Clavien–Dindo system can be used internationally in studies across differing healthcare systems in high‐ (HICs) and low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Methods This was a secondary analysis of the International Surgical Outcomes Study (ISOS), a prospective observational cohort study of elective surgery in adults. Data collection occurred over a 7‐day period. Severity of complications was graded using Clavien–Dindo and the simpler ISOS grading (mild, moderate or severe, based on guided investigator judgement). Severity grading was compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data are presented as frequencies and ICC values (with 95 per cent c.i.). The analysis was stratified by income status of the country, comparing HICs with LMICs. Results A total of 44 814 patients were recruited from 474 hospitals in 27 countries (19 HICs and 8 LMICs). Some 7508 patients (16·8 per cent) experienced at least one postoperative complication, equivalent to 11 664 complications in total. Using the ISOS classification, 5504 of 11 664 complications (47·2 per cent) were graded as mild, 4244 (36·4 per cent) as moderate and 1916 (16·4 per cent) as severe. Using Clavien–Dindo, 6781 of 11 664 complications (58·1 per cent) were graded as I or II, 1740 (14·9 per cent) as III, 2408 (20·6 per cent) as IV and 735 (6·3 per cent) as V. Agreement between classification systems was poor overall (ICC 0·41, 95 per cent c.i. 0·20 to 0·55), and in LMICs (ICC 0·23, 0·05 to 0·38) and HICs (ICC 0·46, 0·25 to 0·59). Conclusion Caution is recommended when using a treatment approach to grade complications in global surgery studies, as this may introduce bias unintentionally.

РЕЗЮМЕ В статье дано определение понятия послеоперационной боли, описаны особенности болевого синдрома после кардиохирургических вмешательств. Основное внимание уделено методам и методикам обезболивания в послеоперационном периоде: рассмотрен стандартный метод обезболивания опиоидами и нестероидными противовоспалительными средствами, его недостатки и побочные эффекты, оценены регионарные методики, применимые к кардиохирургии. Изложены современные представления о мультимодальной аналгезии, адъювантах, нашедших применение в кардиохирургии, таких как габапентиноиды, лидокаин, дексмедетомидин и кетамин.