Iris Schubert, yang telah mendukung dan mengawasi proyek ini. Proyek GTZ ProBangkit, yang terdiri dari Roto Priyono, dan Pimpinan Tim Proyek Manfred Poppe, yang mendukung proyek ini melalui kerja samanya yang sangat baik, khususnya selama tahap akhir penyiapan panduan. Tak lupa ucapan terima kasih kami untuk Lini Wollenberg dan Godwin Limberg dari proyek CIFOR-BMZ yang telah mengkaji ulang draf awal panduan ini. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), Jerman yang menyediakan dana untuk penelitian dan pengembangan publikasi ini.
C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l F o r e s t r y R e s e a r c h
Forests and Governance ProgrammeGovernance Brief C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l F o r e s t r y R e s e a r c h March 2006 Number 30 SummaryDistrict governments in Indonesia are in the early stages of trying to reduce poverty in their areas. We explain the influences on district officials' ability to effectively address poverty in two forest districts based on observations between 2003 and 2005. We found that centrally-imposed programs have created bureaucratic requirements that officials are reluctant to meet or prefer to use to their own benefit. District initiatives for economic development rarely reach the poor and even increase their vulnerability. This poor performance can be explained by weak incentives and institutions, unclear strategies and information and little participation of the poor themselves. District, provincial and central authorities need to ensure benefits for district officials who work to reduce poverty, have coherent, simple strategies, enable poor communities to voice their needs, revitalize coordination with funding and stronger leadership, and enable monitoring by districts and communities of government programs impacts on poverty. IntroductionDecentralization reforms and national poverty strategy processes in Indonesia have given district governments the mandate to address poverty. Yet current capacities and incentives to reduce poverty at the district level remain fragmented and insufficient. As districts seek to build their poverty alleviation programs, what factors affect their capability to reduce poverty in their regions?We report here on research conducted in two forested districts 1 from October to December 2004 using interviews with 76 respondents and secondary data. Sixty of the respondents were district government staff members, and the other 16 were villagers, businessmen, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and journalists. District statistics were available through 2003. The districts selected were newly established in 1999 and more than half of the families in each district were poor (BKKBN 2003). Why do districts (have to) care about poverty?Three types of policies presently shape districts' interest in poverty: (1) national law (No. 32 2004) requires districts to assume "obligatory functions," which include to provide basic services for citizens, as regulated also in the constitution, (2) the national drive to develop and implement a Poverty Reduction Strategy (Strategi Penanggulangan Kemiskinan, SPK) requires participation from districts, (3) national assistance programs intended to promote food security and reduce economic vulnerability allocate funds to districts and (4) districts' own interest in creating self-sufficient, prosperous villages to maintain their financial viability.
C e n t e r f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l F o r e s t r y R e s e a r c h November 2004 Number 2 PENGANTARBanyak negara, organisasi dan perorangan memperhatikan masalah kemiskinan, tapi bagaimana cara mengukur kemiskinan yang akurat dan tepat? Dan bagaimana mereka bisa tahu apakah usaha mereka berdampak?Pertanyaan ini penting karena ada berbagai pendekatan untuk mengukur kemiskinan, dan tidak ada satu pun yang sempurna dan bisa menjadi standar umum. Belum tentu standar-standar nasional cocok untuk setiap wilayah, di mana keadaan ekonomi rumah tangga dan budaya cukup beragam.Dengan keadaan desentralisasi dan peningkatan peran pemerintah lokal, setiap kabupaten mempunyai kesempatan untuk menyesuaikan indikator kemiskinan dengan keadaan lokal untuk mengawasi kemiskinan daerah sendiri, walaupun sebagian indikator ini alangkah baiknya ditarik dari standar-standar nasional untuk mendukung perbandingan antar wilayah.Program Penelitian Aksi Kemiskinan dan Desentralisasi CIFOR bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem monitoring di tingkat kabupaten yang relevan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat, pemerintah daerah dan pusat. Proyek yang berkoordinasi dengan Universitas Freiburg Jerman dan didanai oleh BMZ ini mencoba untuk menjawab tantangan tersebut di dua kabupaten, yaitu Kabupaten Kutai Barat dan Malinau di Propinsi Kalimantan Timur. Ada juga situs perbandingan di Bolivia, Amerika Selatan. Proyek ini adalah pengembangan sistem monitoring kesejahteraan yang relevan khas lokal dan juga berkoordinasi dengan proyek lain yang memiliki tujuan yang kurang lebih sama seperti proyek yang dikembangkan oleh Pemkab Sumba Timur, Biro Pusat Statistik, GTZ-PROMIS dan UNICEF.Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan model-model pengukuran "kemiskinan" yang dipakai di Indonesia, untuk memulai diskusi tentang ukuran apa dan indikator mana yang selama ini digunakan. Pendekatan pengukuran kemiskinan yang dibahas termasuk model tingkat konsumsi dan model kesejahteraan keluarga. MODEL TINGKAT KONSUMSI
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