The phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of ethanolic and Methanolic leaves extract of Vernonia amygdalina against five clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas species, Salmonella species and Proteus species) was determined using standard method of analysis. The results of the antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extract of leaves of V. amygdalina have diameters ranging between 0.4 to 10mm. The plant extracts from the plants had profound activities against gram-positive than gram negative bacteria. From the above studies, it has clearly indicated that V. amygdalina extract may represent new sources of antibacterial drug, if the phytoactive components are purified and proper dosage are determined for administration. International Journal of Environment, Volume-2, Issue-1, Sep-Nov 2013, Pages 147-152 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v2i1.9217
Fifty ear swab samples were examined from pediatric patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. The samples were collected from ENT department, pediatric out patients department (PODP) and General out Patients Department (GOPD). The swabs were tested by culturing for bacterial pathogens, where 47 (94.0%) of the samples yielded growth. The most predominant isolate was Staphylococcus aureus, with a total occurrence of 26 (55.32%) followed by Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, with total occurrences of 12 (25.53%), 7 (14.89%), 1(2/13%) and 1 (2.13%) respectively. Based on age group, 0-2yrs age group were more infected (16 infected). Of the two sexes, males were 28 (56%) while females were 22 (44%) and all were within the age range of 0-12 years. Antimicrobial sensitivity test showed that the bacterial isolates were susceptible to Augmentin, Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin and ofloxacin but resistant to Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Cotrimoxazole, cefixime and Cloxacillin.
The need for a regular assessment of the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns among tetanus causing as well as infectious members of Clostridia found in soil-human settlement provides a justification for the present study. Accordingly, soil from various locations of Bayero University Campus, Kano was screened for the isolation of C. tetani by anaerobic culturing procedures. The organism was detected in 60% of the soil samples. The isolates were tested against commonly prescribed drugs including sparfloxacin, ciprofloxin, chloramphenicol, cloxacillin and metronidazole by disc diffusion technique. Flouroquinolones; sparfloxacin (30μg), ciprofloxacin (30μg), metronidazole (5μg), gentamycin (10μg) and tetracycline (10μg) showed greater in vitro inhibitory effect. The activity of erythromycin (5μg) and chloramphenicol (30μg) was moderate. However, all penicillin derivatives (augmentin (30μg), amoxicillin (25μg), cloxacillin (5μg) and penicillin V (30μg) as well as cotrimoxazole (25μg) were all inactive against the organism. The flouroquinolones, genta,mycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline remain the drugs of choice against infections due to the organism, while co-trimoxazole and members of the penicillin group of antimicrobials appeared to loose their in vitro potency and effectiveness..
The use of traditional medicine is increasing and gaining popularity throughout the developed and developing countries. About 80 % of the people in developing countries rely on traditional medicine for primary health care. The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the stem bark of Melia azedarach extracted using methanol as solvent. Phytochemical screening revealed that methanolic stem bark extract contain alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponins, steroid, tannin and terpenoid. Antimicrobial efficiency were tested against four human pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus spp. The diameter of zone of inhibition (ZOI) was measured and it was found that the extract showed a maximum zone of inhibition against Gram negative and Gram positive pathogens and the zone of inhibition was found to be concentration dependent. The result obtained in this study may be indication that alcoholic extracts of this plant could be a possible source of obtaining new and effective herbal medicine to treat infections which justify the ethno medicinal uses of Melia azedarach against infectious diseases agents.
Key words: Melia azedarach, antimicrobial, activity, traditional medicine, extract
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