The frequency of occurrence of paint chips and glass fragments on the outer clothing and footwear of 213 high school students from different areas of the city of Vancouver was determined. Paint and glass respectively were found on ca. 14% and 2% of the outer clothing items, and on ea, 24% and 5% of footwear. These figures are significantly lower than figures reported in similar studies in the last 25 years. RESUMELa frequence avec laquelle des ecailles de peinture et des fragments de verre se retrouvent sur les vetements exterleurs et les chaussures de 213 etudtants du secondaire de differents quartiers de la ville de Vancouver a ete determlnee, De la peinture et du verre ont respectivement ete trouves sur environ 14% et 2% des articles vestimentaires exterleurs, et sur environ 24% et 5% des chaussures. Ces chiffres sont plus bas, et ce, de manlere significative que les chiffres rapportes dans des etudes semblables lors des 25 dernleres annees,

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Examination of bomb scene evidence is an area of increasing involvement for the forensic scientist in which incidents may vary from student mischief to mass murder. To undertake explosive casework responsibilities, the scientist must have personal experience of the type of physical evidence left after explosions, including device remains, characteristic damage, and chemical residues.

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“Natural” capsaicin has been identified in “Halt!” sprays by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectrophotometry (IR), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Individual capsaicinoids have been identified as capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nordihydrocapsaicin. The recommended analytical procedure for small samples is HPLC followed by GC/MS. The alternative procedure of solvent extraction and preparation TLC followed by IR is recommended for large samples.

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• Militant Sunni Islamist groups are responsible for the overwhelming majority of civilian casualties inflicted in IED attacks. This is largely attributable to their use of large IEDs and indiscriminate tactics. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the various types of IEDs and the contexts in which they are used. It then examines the available information on the impact of IEDs on civilians and assesses the types of weapons and tactics that are responsible for the majority of casualties. It continues by looking at efforts to mitigate the threat of IEDs with a particular focus on counter-proliferation, and concludes with reflections on the current challenges facing efforts to reduce IED proliferation. A TYPOLOGY OF IEDS By definition, all IEDs contain a main charge of explosives. Much like military and commercial explosive specialists, improvised-bomb makers typically use a relatively inert explosive that can be handled safely for their main charge. These are initiated by a small charge of a more sensitive primary explosive that detonates readily. The most common type of detonator (also known as blasting cap) consists of a small metal tube filled with a primary explosive, such as mercury fulminate, which is initiated by an electrical charge. IEDs that use such detonators require one or more batteries to supply the necessary power. The activation mechanisms (switches or triggers) on these IEDs consequently involve various ways of completing an electrical circuit. The complexity of IEDs increases with size. A larger device requires multiple detonators or detonating cord to ensure the whole of the main charge-which is generally divided into multiple sub-charges-detonates simultaneously. Also known as det/primer cord, detonating cord consists of a flexible, plastic tube that wraps around a core of high explosive and can be cut to length as required. High-explosive booster charges are needed in IEDs whose main charges cannot be initiated by detonators (such charges are known as 'cap-insensitive'). Bomb makers often add fragmentation (commonly referred to as shrapnel) such as ball bearings, nails, and bolts to their devices to increase lethality. The typology presented here classifies IEDs according to their switch or activation system. 2 Time-delayed Time bombs remain a staple IED due to their simplicity. These can be as crude as a burning fuse that gives the bomber time to reach safety. While this might seem old-fashioned, the system is still used. For example, Norwegian right-wing extremist Anders Breivik used a cannon (or visco) fuse to initiate a vehicle bomb containing 950 kg of explosives in Oslo on 22 July 2011. Used in commercial fireworks displays, cannon fuses consist of a core of black powder wrapped in layers of string and nitrocellulose, a combination that burns at around 1 cm per second. They are considered ineffective for many types of IED as they burn with a visible flame and emit smoke. Nevertheless, they are often used in improvised hand grenades and pipe bombs, which are employed in signifi...