Systematic Analysis of Explosive Residues

Beveridge, A.; Payton, S. F.; Audette, R. J.; Lambertus, A. J.; Shaddick, R. C.

doi:10.1520/jfs10290j

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The application of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) to qualitative and quantitative analyses of surfaces has recently been reported (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). These results show that surface detection of trace elements in the sub-monolayer region (SO4 g/cm2) is possible ( 2 , 5 ) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of explosives by high performance liquid chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Vouros¹,

Petersen²,

Colwell³

et al. 1977

Anal. Chem.

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5 4 3 log [5,0;-] Flgure 7. Calibration curve for thiosulfate using a pH 8.1 phosphate-citrate mobile phase. 10 pL were injected onto a 0.2-cm X 50-cm column of 200-400 mesh Amberlite strongly acidic cationexchange resin. Current I is peak current in nA. Concentrations are in units of mol/L example thiourea. The calibration curve in Figure 7 was obtained with a detector of the type depicted in Figure 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors are grateful to F. Cantwell of the University of Alberta for numerous helpful discussions.High performance llquld chromatography and chemical ionlzetion mass spectrometry have been applied to the Isolation and ldentlficatlon of explosives. The use of ammonla as a reagent gas for chemical ionlzatlon has been evaluated and Its advantages over methane, water, hydrogen, and isobutane are discussed on the basis of data from common explosives. The off-line LC-MS approach has been applied to the analysis of slmple residues from test explosions under controlled conditions to simulate an actual bombing.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, one of the most widely used methods for the analysis of explosives is thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (10,11). Identification has relied primarily on comparison with standard (Rf) values, followed usually by spot tests and/or infrared spectroscopy to confirm the presence of nitrates, nitrites, or other common functionalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of explosives by high performance liquid chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Vouros¹,

Petersen²,

Colwell³

et al. 1977

Anal. Chem.

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“…Traditionally, chemical spot tests4 and X‐ray powder diffraction5 are the methods used by most forensic laboratories for the analysis of inorganic explosives. As the amount of sample required is usually high, these methods sometimes limit the detection of some inorganic ingredients in the explosive samples.…”

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confidence: 99%

Forensic identification of explosive oxidizers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Zhao¹,

Yinon²

2002

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The mass spectrometry of a group of inorganic oxidizers was studied using the electrospray ionization technique. It was found that a series of cluster ions were predominant in both positive- and negative-ion mode, allowing for the characterization of the investigated oxidizers. The identity of the recorded cluster ions was further confirmed by using some isotopically labeled compounds and tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation. The use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for positive identification of major oxidizer components in explosive formulations was demonstrated by three samples of forensic interest.

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“…The certainty with which the analysis of the IR spectrum can provide definitive identification of a material greatly increases if a prior chemical separation is employed. a Adapted from the articles by Yinon (2) and by Pristera et al (26) Beveridge et al (37) reported that, in a large number of analyses of explosive residues, IR spectroscopy detected explosive components in 50% of the tests in contrast to 80% for thin-layer chromatography. Thus, IR spectroscopy is a good confirmatory test if sufficient quantity of sample is available.…”

Section: Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Hummel

Dubroca

2013

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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A wide variety of optical‐ and laser‐based techniques have been and are currently being investigated as means of identifying and characterizing explosive materials. These efforts are hampered by the very low volatility of explosive compounds at room temperature and their tendency to ignite at higher temperatures where their vapor pressures are beginning to reach a regime where the species can be readily detected. Traditional, condensed‐phase absorption spectroscopy (both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/ visible (UV/VIS)) requires larger samples than are frequently available and, although useful as confirmatory techniques, do not provide signatures that enable unique identification of species. The choice of nontraditional techniques for analysis of explosive materials is dependent upon the amount of sample available, the sample matrix, and sample‐imposed constraints upon the measurement. Raman spectroscopy can identify and quantify condensed phase explosive materials, but the detection limit depends upon substrate, excitation wavelength, and illumination area: limits of detection (LODs) vary from 0.05 ng for 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) on glass to 10 µg for nitroglycerin (NG) on silica gel. The other detection techniques considered require volatilization of either the explosive compound itself or more often of characteristic decomposition products, such as NO, NO 2 , or N 2 O. Using IR irradiation, researchers have demonstrated that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has detection limits ranging from 0.55 ppb (parts per billion) for vapor‐phase NG with 9 mm excitation to 220 ppm (parts per million) for vaporphase 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) with 6‐µm excitation. IR laser differential absorption detection of dissociation products NO, NO 2 , and/or N 2 O can achieve detection limits of a few picograms. Laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of the photofragments (typically NO) of explosive compounds yields detection limits in the tens to hundreds of ppb (by weight) range. Low LODs can be achieved using ion detection techniques: resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrometry is capable of LODs for detecting vapor‐phase explosives compounds in the hundredths to tens of ppb range; ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has vapor‐phase detection limits for common explosive compounds of typically 200 pg, but for some species can be significantly lower: for example, 1 pg for TNT.

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Systematic Analysis of Explosive Residues

Cited by 42 publications

References 15 publications

Analysis of explosives by high performance liquid chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Analysis of explosives by high performance liquid chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Forensic identification of explosive oxidizers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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