A comparative study on recent works on low noise amplifiers (LNAs) designed to be operated at mobile communication band is performed in this article. Here, specifications of different generations of mobile communication are listed, which are considered to classify recent works on LNAs. Even though gain and noise figure (NF) are the primary parameters of LNA; other parameters like power, linearity, bandwidth, and area also get importance. Due to this, optimization techniques handpicked for all those parameters are discussed. The inverse relation between gain and NF is exploited to achieve low noise and high gain together. While increasing the gain, power consumption is increased by drain current. Each LNA is found as good in terms of gain and other parameters to satisfy the requirements. The figure of merit is opted to find the performance of each LNA, and the comparison is performed. The best parameters reported in the comparison are 31.53 dB of gain, 0.7 dB of NF, 0.03 mw of power consumption, 18.14 dBm of third-order input intercept point (IIP3), 24 GHz bandwidth and 0.0052 mm 2 of area at different frequencies and technology nodes. In this survey, as per the optimized FoM for mobile communication, crosscoupled common gate differential LNA, which was designed to be operated at 0.3 to 2.96 GHz gives better results among CMOS LNAs.
A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) dual-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) for 2G/3G/4G mobile communications is presented. It operates at 0.9 and 2.3 GHz of frequencies. The dual-band operation is achieved by adding a modified notch-filtering path in the wideband LNA. The modified notch-filtering path does not require additional power to cancel the signals of the stop band frequency. The impact of the filtering path in the proposed LNA is analyzed. Improved results are observed in dual bands of frequency. Sustainability of the LNA under process corner variation and temperature variation are examined, and it is found to be suitable for the application. The proposed LNA is designed at 90-nm technology in Cadence Virtuoso with 0.5 and 0.6-V supply. The post-layout simulation shows 22 dB of gain (S 21 ), 2 dB of Noise Figure (NF), and −5.5 dBm of IIP3 at the high band. In the low band, 24 dB of S 21 , 2.7 dB of NF, and −6.65 dBm of IIP3 are reached. The circuit consumes 5.2 mW of power and 0.0918 mm 2 of area. The efficiency of the LNA is estimated by the figure of merit, and comparable results are secured in the proposed work.
The main objective of cognitive radio network is to provide flexible spectrum management, by permitting the secondary users (SUs) to temporarily access the licensed spectrum in the absence of a primary user. In the existing backward induction approach, each SU performs spectrum sensing and consequently reports the sensing details to the centralized controller. In the proposed work, an adaptive cluster-based heuristic approach (ACBHA) with cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) scheme has been proposed for cognitive radio medium access control networks for 5G applications. To identify the availability of unused spectrum, the proposed CSS-based ACBHA algorithm adopts a cluster-based selection scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed CSS-based ACBHA provides a better result compared with existing techniques. The performance parameters such as false alarm probability, the probability of detection, spectrum sensing time, slot length, noise density have been analyzed using MATLAB R2012a.
This study deals with the design and optimisation of two-stage complementary metal oxide semiconductor low noise amplifier (LNA) for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. IEEE 802.11n WLAN standard provides up to 600 Mbps speed with 40 MHz channel bandwidth and high throughput. The receiver of these WLAN applications requires LNA with higher gain and minimum noise figure (NF). Elephant Herding Optimisation technique was involved for the first time to optimise the performance of the LNA. The post-layout simulation shows that a maximum gain of 26.7 dB at 2.4 GHz is achieved in the proposed design. Feedforward noise cancelation technique is involved to get a reduced NF of 1.12 dB. The first and second stages are tuned to cover the 3 dB maximum gain bandwidth of 3.2 GHz (from 1.7 to 4.4 GHz). This LNA is designed at 90 nm technology with the supply voltage of 0.5 and 1.2 V, and consumes 8.9 mW of power. Current reuse technology is used to reduce power consumption. The input and output return losses have been found to be −18 and −15 dB, respectively at the targeted 2.4 GHz frequency. Third-order input intercept point of the optimised LNA is −8.1 dBm.
Coverage of the bounded region gets importance in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Area coverage is based on effective surface coverage with a minimum number of sensor nodes. Most of the researchers contemplate the coverage region of interest as a square and manifest the radio ranges as a circle. The area of a circle is much higher than the area of a square because of the perimeter. To utilize the advantage of the circle, the coverage region of interest is presumed as a circle for sensor node deployment. This paper proposes a novel coverage improved disc shape deployment strategy. Comparative analysis has been observed between circle and square regions of interest based on the cumulative number of sensor nodes required to cover the entire region. A new strategy named as disc shape deployment strategy is also proposed. Traditional hexagon and strip-based deployment strategies are compared with the disc shape deployment strategy. The simulation result shows that the circle shape coverage region of interest extremely reduces the required number of sensor nodes. The proposed deployment strategy provides desirable coverage, and it requires few more sensor nodes than hexagon shape deployment strategy.
A 28 GHz two stage low noise amplifier (LNA) is proposed with envelope detection technique for power reduction (21.62%) and tunable negative feedback capacitor for gain variation in 40 nm CMOS technology. The envelope detection circuit turn‐on the second half of the LNA by the RF signal input received at the first stage. The default gain is increased (31.53%) by the tunable negative feedback capacitor circuit of the LNA with the control voltage from 0 to 1 V. In addition, 6.22 GHz of bandwidth is achieved with the tunable gain from 20.3 dB to 26.7 dB. The first stage of the LNA is designed with the inductive source degeneration for the noise reduction, and the multiple‐gate topology is involved in the second stage to improve the linearity. The third‐order input intercept point and the noise figure of the LNA are −7 dBm and 2.86 dB, respectively. When the second stage is turned‐on and turned‐off the LNA consumes 7.4 mW and 5.8 mW of power, respectively, from the 1 V supply. The proposed LNA requires 0.19 mm2 of core area. The performance of the LNA under process corner variation and temperature variation are analyzed.
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