At the interface between the upper atmosphere and the radiation belt region there exists a secondary radiation belt consisting mainly of energetic ions that have become neutralized in the ring current and in the main radiation belt and then re‐ionized by collisions in the inner exosphere. The time history of the proton fluxes in the 0.64–35 MeV energy range was traced in the equatorial region beneath the main radiation belts during the 3‐year period from February 21, 1984, to March 26, 1987, using data obtained with the High‐Energy Particle experiment on board the Japanese OHZORA satellite. During most of this period a fairly small proton flux of ∼1.2 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 was detected on geomagnetic field lines in the range 1.05 < L < 1.15. We report a few surprisingly deep and rapid flux decreases (flux reduction by typically 2 orders of magnitude). These flux decreases were also long in duration (lasting up to 3 months). We also registered abrupt flux increases, such that magnitude of the proton flux enhancements could reach 3 orders of magnitude and with an enhancement duration of 1–3 days. Possible reasons for these unexpected phenomena are discussed.
A secondary proton radiation belt can be observed in the equatorial region between the upper atmosphere and the interior edge of the main radiation belt. It is thought that the protons appear there in a result of ionization of energetic neutral hydrogen atoms coming from the internal area of the traditional radiation belt where they were born in charge exchange collisions of the trapped protons with the cold hydrogen of the gecorona. The process of formation of this secondary belt is numerically simulated in this paper assuming this charge exchange−reionization mechanism. Standard models of the trapped radiation, of the atmosphere and geocorona were used to simulate the source and the exospheric media. Experimental data were used for charge transfer cross sections. Result of simulation agrees very good with the experimental observation.
Gusev (2002) Detection and estimation of avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen by a novel indirect liquid-phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using chicken and rabbit affinity purified immunoglobulins, Avian Pathology, 31:6, 549-557,
An indirect liquid-phase blocking (LPB) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using chicken and rabbit affinity purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been developed to detect and estimate avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antigen concentration directly in infected allantoic fluid. The method is based on the principle of binding of specific IgG to the test IBV antigen and the assay of unboundIgG on an antigen-coated ELISA plate. The immunoglobulins are chicken N-terminal S2 peplomeric protein-specific IgG isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography on synthetic peptide coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B or rabbit polyclonal IgG purified from the serum using Protein A Sepharose 4B. The assay detected all tested IBV strains and field isolates propagated in chicken embryos. Signal to noise ratios were calculated from LPB ELISA absorbance units and a diagnostic threshold was established from the signal to noise ratio frequency distribution of samples positive or negative for IBV by virus titration or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The relative sensitivity of the test ranged between 10 5 and 10 6 median egg infectious doses (EID 50 ) for chicken IgG and between 10 3 and 10 4 EID 50 for rabbit IgG, depending on the test strain. The assay is simple and takes less than 3 h to perform. It does not require expensive reagents and can be readily adapted to monitor the IBV antigen concentration in allantoic fluids during propagation of vaccine strains or in samples of freeze-dried, live-attenuated IBV vaccines.
Abstract. Radial transport theory for inner radiation zone MeV ions has been extended by combining radial diffusive transport and losses due to Coulomb friction with local generation of D, T and 3He ions from nuclear reactions taking place on the inner edge of the inner radiation zone. Based on interactions between high energy trapped protons and upper atmospheric constituents we have included a nuclear reaction yield D, T and 3He flux source that was numerically derived from a nuclear reaction model code originally developed at the Institute of Nuclear Researches in Moscow, Russia. Magnetospheric transport computations have been made covering the L-shell range L=1.0–1.6. The resulting MeV energy D, T and 3He ion flux distributions show a strong influence of the local nuclear source mechanism on the inner zone energetic D, T and 3He ion content.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure (Thermosphere-composition and chemistry) · Magnetospheric physics (Energetic particles · trapped).
® m± ->e±) born in nuclear collisions of trapped relativistic inner zone protons with the residual atmosphere. These positrons and electrons are captured in the magnetosphere and create positron and electron radiation belts of nuclear origin. The positron/electron trapped magnetospheric fluxes formed with this mechanism are simulated and the resulting computed e+/e- flux ratio ~ 4 appears in agreement with the recent observations. This ratio is significantly different from the ratio ~1 obtained from the primary cosmic ray source through the same mechanism.]]>
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