Nuclear reactions in the uppermost Earth atmosphere as a source of the magnetospheric positron radiation belt

Dust ion acoustic solitary structures in presence of nonthermally distributed electrons and positrons

“…Therefore, the plasma system of these astrophysical sites eventually make four component electron-positron-ion-dust (e-p-i-d) plasma. Also, e-p-i-d plasma may be present in the magnetosphere and in the ionosphere of the Earth as such regions of the atmosphere of the Earth contain highly charged dust grains [1] and positrons [8,9]. Positrons are also found in some well known astrophysical dusty plasma environments such as in the magnetosphere of the Jupiter [10] and the Saturn [11].…”

Measurements of electron and positron fluxes below the geomagnetic cutoff by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer

“…Results for albedo and quasitrapped particles are in agreement with AMS-01 data. Calculations in paper [4,3] shows that well-known East -West effect leads…”

“…This result also difficult to explained by additional productions of electrons and positrons inside radiation belt by trapping protons interactions. As it was calculated in paper [4] this mechanism produces mainly low energy E<100 MeV positrons. …”

“…More modern Monte-Carlo simulation also were undertaken to explain results of AMS-01 experiments [2], e.g. [4,3]. It was shown that well-known East -West effect leads to positron excess in near equatorial region for quasitrapped and trapped components from this source.…”

Trapped antiprotons produced by cosmic rays in the Earth's magnetosphere

“…Part of the secondary particles born in the confinement region of the magnetosphere will be trapped in the Earth's vicinity by geomagnetic field creating an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth. This belt is a product of the nuclear reactions similarly to the positron and isotope radiation belts (Gusev et al, 2001;Spjeldvik et al, 1998) created at the altitudes of about 10 3 km above the Earth. The estimates of the trapped antiproton fluxes at these altitudes in the equatorial region, where the atmospheric density is very small (%5 Â 10 Àl8 -10 À17 g/cm 3 ) are obtained.…”