β‐cyclodextrin modified g‐C₃N₄ nanosheet: a fluorescent drug carrier with ultrahigh drug loading capacity and pH‐responsive release

Abstract

Background β‐cyclodextrin modified g‐C3N4 (β‐CD/g‐C3N4) nanosheets were successfully synthesized and developed as a novel drug carrier of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX•HCl). The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The drug‐loading and drug release was measured by a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Moreover, cell viability tests were carried out to evaluate the inhibition ratio of β‐CD/g‐C3N4‐DOX•HCl and bulk g‐C3N4‐DOX•HCl. Results The FTIR result confirmed that β‐CD and g‐C3N4 are linked by hydrogen bonds. The XRD and TEM results showed that β‐CD/g‐C3N4 has nanosheet structure with size range 150–300 nm. The drug‐loading ratio rises sharply in the first 14 h and reaches a maximum of 93%. Moreover, β‐CD/g‐C3N4 nanocomplex showed a pH‐responsive DOX•HCl release with a release ratio of 80% at pH = 5, which is two times higher than that of bulk g‐C3N4. Cell viability tests demonstrated that the β‐CD/g‐C3N4‐DOX•HCl exhibit a higher inhibition ratio on MG63 cells than bulk g‐C3N4‐DOX•HCl. Conclusion β‐CD/g‐C3N4 nanocomplex achieves an ultrahigh drug‐loading capacity and pH‐responsive release and visualization of the cell phagocytic process. The results indicate that the β‐CD/g‐C3N4 nanocomplex can be developed as a promising luminescence carrier for drug delivery. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

A β-cyclodextrin Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Au Co-Catalyst for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production

“…Figure 3b shows the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the as-prepared CN, β-CD-CN, and β-CD. The original CN shows typical characteristic peaks as reported [26]. The peak at 810 cm −1 can be correlated to the vibrational absorptions of tri-s-triazine subunits.…”

Emerging Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Nanobiomaterials for Biological Applications

“…β-cyclodextrin modified g-CN nanosheets have also been tested for drug loading and release. The study revealed the effect of g-CN nanosheet-β-cyclodextrin complex incubated with MG63 cells in pH loading, cell viability and release . Recently, the electrospinning method synthesized multilayer PLA/PVA/CS/FU/g-C 3 N 4 /DOX/PTX nanofibers.…”

Recent advancements in two‐dimensional nanomaterials for drug delivery

“…Because of these special properties, g‐C 3 N 4 has drawn increasing attention in the area of biosensing, drug delivery, and cancer diagnostic. For example, g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets have been developed as drug delivery response to pH for effective cancer therapy (S. Liu et al, ). In another recent study, it has been reported that g‐C 3 N 4 nanosheets exhibit high drug loading capacity towards DOX (D. Liu, Lin, Tang, et al, ; Z. Liu, Lin, Zhao, et al, ; C. Liu, Qin, et al, ; W. Liu, Xu, et al, ).…”