Emerging Graphitic Carbon Nitride-based Nanobiomaterials for Biological Applications

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) based nanostructures are distinctive materials with unique compositional, structural, optical, and electronic properties with exceptional band structure, moderate surface area, and exceptional thermal and chemical stability. Because of these properties, g-CN based nanomaterials have shown promising applications and higher performance in the biological avenue. This review covers the stateof-the-art synthetic strategies used for the preparation of the materials, the basic structure, and a panorama of different optimization strategies leading to improved physicochemical properties responsible for the biological application. The following sections include the recent progress in the use of g-CN based nanobiomaterials for biosensors, bioimaging, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, chemotherapy, and the antimicrobial segment. Furthermore, we have summarized the role and evaluation of biosafety and biocompatibility of the material. Finally, the unresolved issues, plausible challenges, current status, and future perspectives for the development and design of g-CN have been summarized and are expected to promote a clinical path for the medical sector and human well-being.

Carbon-based two-dimensional (2D) materials: a next generation biocidal agent

“…However, research is still required to change the surface properties for antibacterial applications. 30–37 In general, there are plenty of advantages that suggest to use of CB-2D-Ms as biocidal agents, mainly high mechanical stability, high biocompatibility, easy functionalization/tunability, and mechanical flexibility. Fig.…”

Self-assembled BiFeO3@MIL-101 nanocomposite for antimicrobial applications under natural sunlight

“…The first step of this route is the synthesis of BFO particles by a sol–gel method, followed by surface modification through the growth of a metal–organic framework using 2-aminoterephthalic acid as organic precursor. A small amount of FeCl 3 (FeCl 3 /aminoterephthalic acid atomic ratio 1/10) was also added to the reaction mixture to favor MIL-101 growth [ 4 ]. Details of the synthetic procedure are described in the materials and methods section.…”

“…Antibiotic resistance is a critical challenge for modern medicine [ 1 , 2 ], which requires the development of efficient strategies and new advanced materials to control bacterial infections that are a serious threat to human health [ 3 ]. In this context, hybrid and inorganic nanomaterials have often been used for various therapeutic applications, ranging from imaging and diagnostics to cancer therapy and antimicrobial activity [ 4 – 9 ]. Among antimicrobial materials, photoactive compounds have been extensively studied [ 10 , 11 ] for their tunable activity.…”

“…This new MIL-101@BFO system aims to increase the photoactive properties of BFO without increasing the original size of the BFO nanoparticles. In order to achieve this result, we used a similar approach to that reported in our previous paper [ 4 ] for the growth of amorphous MOF-modified iron oxide nanoparticles. In this paper, BFO particles were used as the source of metal ions for the nucleation and growth of crystalline MIL-101.…”

Recent Advances in Application of 1D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation

“…This review extensively explores photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, synthesis methods of one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, and their applications in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. Despite the potential of common photocatalysts such as titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), and bismuth halides (BiOX), their nitrogen fixation efficiency remains low due to issues such as light absorption range and charge carrier recombination [5][6][7]. Recent studies have focused on modifying these materials to alter semiconductor band gaps, promote the separation of photogenerated electronhole pairs, and enhance N 2 adsorption on the catalyst surface through methods such as doping, [8] constructing heterojunctions, and increasing vacancies [9].…”