Zoonoses in the Emergence of Human Viral Diseases

Abstract

Viral zoonoses have represented a significant public health problem throughout history, affecting all continents. Furthermore, many viral zoonoses have emerged or reemerged in recent years, highlighting the importance of such diseases. Emerging viral zoonoses encompass a vast number of different viruses and many different transmission modes. There are many factors influencing the epidemiology of the various zoonoses, such as ecological changes, changes in agriculture and food production, the movement of pathogens, including via travel and trade, human behavior and demographical factors, and microbial changes and adaptation. Costeffective prevention and control of emerging viral zoonoses necessitates an interdisciplinary and holistic approach and international cooperation. Surveillance, laboratory capability, research, training and education, and last but not least, information and communication are key elements.

One Health in the context of coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic literature review

“…Zoonotic disease emergence has been mostly mediated by the mobility of pathogens across species and ecological boundaries [ 72 , 73 ]. Human population growth has increased the demand for housing, food, trade, and tourism thereby directly or indirectly increasing human exposure to viral zoonoses through the expansion and modification of the built environment into natural habitats [ [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] ]. In addition, as a result of globalization and increased urbanization patterns, the demand for animal protein also increases, driving agricultural expansion and intensification, along with deforestation, as well as animal trade.…”

“…This is evident in the emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonosis (e.g. Ebola or MERS-CoV) in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Asia [ 56 , 74 , 78 ]. Moreover, poor waste management leads to environmental degradation and increased exposure and susceptibility of humans to viral infections [ 79 ].…”

Biological features of SARS-CoV-2 and current approaches to antiviral therapy and vaccination

“…13,15 Enlarging arable areas of land, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, hunting, outdoor recreational activities, global transport and travel, political instabilities and migrations can increase the likelihood of human contacts with wildlife reservoirs of new viruses. 16 It was evident that the frequency of these events increased in the last two decades of the 20th century. Unfortunately, this trend continues into this century.…”

MERCADOS DE ANIMAIS: quando os não-humanos tornam-se ameaças globais

“…Muitas dessas infecções emergem e reemergem em diferentes períodos e através de métodos de transmissão bastante distintos. As principais razões epidemiológicas para essas doenças podem ser identificadas em mudanças ambientais/ ecológicas, na criação intensiva de animais para consumo, na caça e contato com animais selvagens, aumento dos meios de locomoção e viagens, entre tantos outros fatores, quase todos relacionados a ações promovidas diretamente pelo homem (Åsjö;Kruse, 2006).…”