Zooming interfaces!

Abstract

This paper quantifies the benefits and usability problems associated with eye-based pointing direct interaction on a standard graphical user interface. It shows where and how, with the addition of a second supporting modality, the typically poor performance and subjective assessment of eye-based pointing devices can be improved to match the performance of other assistive technology devices. It shows that target size is the overriding factor affecting device performance and that when target sizes are artificially increased by 'zooming in' on the interface under the control of a supporting modality then eye-based pointing becomes a viable and usable interaction methodology for people with high-level motor disabilities.manipulation of the interface. The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of direct manipulation using an eye mouse on a standard graphical user interface and to show how the performance of an eye mouse can be dramatically improved by the addition of a 'zoom screen' facility.

Gazing at Games: An Introduction to Eye Tracking Control

“…Some previous work has presented the idea that the user can zoom in on specific parts of the interface in the process of selecting smaller targets [Bates and Istance, 2002]. Ultimately, this type of input system could potentially increase the appeal of games as well as increasing accessibility since hands free control is novel and completely unobtrusive.…”

Toward Everyday Gaze Input

“…Spaceefficient techniques, such as hierarchical menus, can facilitate interaction with large targets, but slow down performance, as they require more steps for selection. Dynamic approaches, such as zooming or fisheye lenses [1,4,9] can make selection more robust, but may visually distract the user. Gaze gestures [8,16,33,47] have been found to be more robust against noise in comparison to target-based selections, but may require unnaturally large saccades to overcome tracking problems and may be hard to learn.…”

“…The keyboard is moved to the top where tracking is relatively best, and letters are grouped to account for the vertical offset and spread of gaze points (grouped-key text entry may then be disambiguated algorithmically using text prediction, or combined with a secondary input action to select individual characters). The links under "Trends" are merged into one gaze target, while keeping them visually as before; if activated, an alternative pointing technique like zooming [4,10] or fish-eye lenses [1] could be applied. Similarly, the scroll buttons are kept as before, but their active gaze region expands beyond the screen and toward the static message window.…”

Evaluation of an eye-pointer interaction device for human-computer interaction

“…There are four techniques for measuring eye movements: (1) Electrooculography (EOG); (2) by means of suction cups or contact lenses; (3), by photo-or-video oculography; and (4) video detection based on the pupil and the corneal reflection ( Duchowski, 2007 ). This lattermost technique allows researchers to measure a point of regard in relation to what is being observed, which can be of high or low precision (based on the type of application required) ( Bates and Istance, 2002 ; Biswas, 2016 ). Although there are some discussions on whether the change of observation positions may have random behavior, the most recent studies indicate that the process of fixing the gaze and looking at an object in a scene is an efficient, non-random process ( Rajashekar, 2004 ; Riche et al., 2013 ), which is regulated by exogenous (stimulus-driven) or endogenous (cognitively-driven) factors ( Smith and Mital, 2013 ).…”

“…With calibration, these devices can detect the user's point of interest, i.e. the point at which they are actually looking ( Bates and Istance, 2002 ; Ward et al., 2000 ; MacKenzie et al., 2012 ).…”