Zinc: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements

Freake, Hedley C.; Sankavaram, Kavitha

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375083-9.00286-5

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Taken together with our results, this supports the fact that effective homeostatic regulations exist to prevent deviations in serum zinc when dietary intake of zinc fluctuate [40,41]. Furthermore, the plasma pool of zinc is relatively small and can be easily influenced by minor changes in tissue zinc [40]. In addition, many factors have been identified to have possible effects on serum zinc concentration unrelated to dietary intake of zinc, for example infection and inflammation [42], time of day [36], inhibitors of zinc absorption such as phosphorus in the form of phytate [30] and levels of albumin [38].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The meta-analysis, based on twenty-four estimates among 2469 participants, showed that doubling on zinc intake in adults increases serum/plasma concentrations by only 6% [ 39 ]. Taken together with our results, this supports the fact that effective homeostatic regulations exist to prevent deviations in serum zinc when dietary intake of zinc fluctuate [ 40 , 41 ]. Furthermore, the plasma pool of zinc is relatively small and can be easily influenced by minor changes in tissue zinc [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Serum zinc and dietary intake of zinc in relation to risk of different breast cancer subgroups and serum levels as a marker of intake: a prospective nested case-control study

Bengtsson

Sandsveden

Borgquist

et al. 2021

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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Purpose Zinc has been suggested to be protective against breast cancer, but the evidence remains inconclusive. One reason for inconsistent findings in previous studies may be that zinc only influences the risk of developing certain subtypes of breast cancer. Our study is the first study assessing zinc levels in relation to the risk of different breast cancer subgroups, defined by their tumor characteristics. In addition, we analyze serum zinc as a marker of dietary intake. Methods The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study is a population-based cohort study that took place 1991–1996 in Malmö, Sweden. Until end of follow-up, 31 December 2013, 1186 incident cases were identified and matched to an equal number of controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for breast cancer, and having a certain tumor characteristic, were estimated in quartiles of baseline serum zinc and zinc intake and adjusted for potential confounders. Results No associations were found between zinc, measured in serum or diet pre-diagnostically, and breast cancer risk. The adjusted OR for breast cancer in serum zinc Q4 compared to Q1 was 1.09 (0.85–1.41) and in zinc intake Q4 versus Q1 was 0.97 (0.77–1.23). Moreover, there were no clear associations between zinc and any breast cancer characteristics. The kappa value, 0.025 (P = 0.022), showed poor agreement between serum zinc and zinc intake. Conclusion Our findings indicate that there is no clear association between zinc and overall breast cancer risk or risk of different breast cancer subgroups. Finally, our results suggest that serum zinc is a poor marker of zinc intake.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Serum zinc and dietary intake of zinc in relation to risk of different breast cancer subgroups and serum levels as a marker of intake: a prospective nested case-control study

Bengtsson

Sandsveden

Borgquist

et al. 2021

Breast Cancer Res Treat

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“…Incorporation of infant processed cereal without gluten from the fourth month onwards would increase the contribution of Zn for this 50% population group in 0.34 mg/day (data not shown) by what it can be deduced that half of the infant population consuming exclusively these foods would cover 80% DRI of Zn as maximum. These results are coherent since it is well known that dairy products are not the main dietetic sources of Zn and Fe (Freake & Sankavaram, 2013;Lönnerdal & Hernell, 2013). Moreover, in the last few years different formulations have been suggested to fortify with Fe these kinds of infant formulae (Maldonado Lozano et al, 2007).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Probabilistic assessment of the intake of mineral and trace elements by consumption of infant formulas and processed cereal-based food in Spain

Moreno-Rojas

Cañal-Ruiz

Amaro-López

et al. 2014

CyTA - Journal of Food

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In this study a probabilistic model was developed to estimate the intake level of Fe, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Na, and K derived from consumption of infant formulas and processed cereal-based food in Spain. Infant formulas were classified in two categories (first term and follow-on) while cereal-based foods were split up in six groups according to their composition (without gluten, only with gluten, fruits, honey, cocoa, and integral cereal). Contributions to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were studied for two population groups: 0-6-monthold and 6-month-1-year-old infants. The results reported that mineral and trace elements contents in these types of food cover the established DRIs for Ca, Mg, P, Fe, and K being relatively low for Zn and Cu. Conversely, Na and Mn contents were moderately high and should be decreased to reduce the prevalence of certain diseases.Se ha desarrollado un modelo probabilístico para determinar la ingesta de Fe, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Na, y K a partir del consumo de fórmulas y cereales infantiles. Las fórmulas infantiles se clasificaron en dos categorías (inicio y continuación) y los cereales en seis categorías (con o sin gluten, con frutas, miel, cacao e integrales). Las contribuciones a la Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (IDR) se han realizado para dos grupos de población: bebés de 0-6 meses y de 6 meses-1 año. Los resultados muestran como el contenido de minerales y elementos traza presentes en este tipo de alimentos cubren la IDR establecida para Ca, Mg, P, Fe, K, y fueron bajos para cubrir la IDR de Zn y Cu. Por contra, el contenido de Na y Mn es alto y debe reducirse para reducir la incidencia de determinadas patologías.

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“…This results in children consuming more plant-based foods and consuming less animal foods, while plant-based foods contain lots of phytates which inhibit the absorption of zinc [11]. Zinc is found in food, especially in animal protein sources [12]. Zn absorption is inhibited by interactions with iron, calcium, fiber, as well as phytates, which are found in grains, nuts, wheat, and whole grains [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Intake, Zinc Serum Levels, and Intelligence in School Children in Rural Areas

Flora

Fajar

Febri

et al. 2021

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Children in rural areas are susceptible to zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency in children can affect cognitive function in children. Zinc plays a role in cellular function and critical brain growth processes, including cell replication, DNA and RNA synthesis, and the release of neurotransmitters. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the condition of zinc deficiency and its relationship with the level of intelligence in children in rural areas. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional, with a sample of 44 elementary school children aged 9–12 years taken randomly. Blood was drawn to measure serum Zn-levels, and serum Zn-levels were measured using Colorimetric Assay Kit (E-BC-K137). Zinc intake data were obtained from the food recall form, which was carried out 3 × 24 h. The level of intelligence is measured by the Culture Fair Intelligence Test method. The sample characteristics data obtained through a questionnaire. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: About 84.2% of children with insufficient zinc intake had low serum Zn-levels. There was a significant relationship between zinc intake and serum zinc levels (p = 0.026; PR = 4.293). Children with low serum zinc levels of 96.5% have intelligence levels below average. There was a significant relationship between serum zinc levels and intelligence level as well (p = 0.001; PR = 24,500). CONCLUSION: Zinc deficiency in children is characterized by low serum Zn-levels. Low serum Zn-level is caused by low zinc intake, thus children with low serum Zn-levels are at risk of having intelligence level below average. Therefore, health education about the importance of zinc intake in children should be given to parents, so that the incidence of zinc deficiency in children can be reduced.

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Zinc: Physiology, Dietary Sources, and Requirements

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Serum zinc and dietary intake of zinc in relation to risk of different breast cancer subgroups and serum levels as a marker of intake: a prospective nested case-control study

Serum zinc and dietary intake of zinc in relation to risk of different breast cancer subgroups and serum levels as a marker of intake: a prospective nested case-control study

Probabilistic assessment of the intake of mineral and trace elements by consumption of infant formulas and processed cereal-based food in Spain

Zinc Intake, Zinc Serum Levels, and Intelligence in School Children in Rural Areas

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