Lead content was investigated in infant formulas by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). Formulas were distinguished as 'beginner', 'continuation' and 'special infant formula', the latter being classified as subtypes 'hypoallergenic', 'without lactose', 'vegetable base' and 'others'. The mean concentrations of lead were 25.7+/-8.4, 36.9+/-6.4 and 43.5+/-16.3 microg kg(-1) for beginner, continuation and special infant formula, respectively. Two-factor (types and subtypes) variance analyses were made and Tukey's mean homogeneity test (p < 0.05) was also performed for the formation of homogeneous groups. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between types and two homogeneous groups were formed by the special infant formula type, with the highest lead content; the other group was constituted by the beginner type; and included in both groups were the continuation type infant formula. Their contribution to the provisional weekly intake (PTWI) was calculated from the mean concentrations in each type of infant formula, showing them to be food with a low toxicological risk (< 30% PTWI).
In this study a probabilistic model was developed to estimate the intake level of Fe, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Na, and K derived from consumption of infant formulas and processed cereal-based food in Spain. Infant formulas were classified in two categories (first term and follow-on) while cereal-based foods were split up in six groups according to their composition (without gluten, only with gluten, fruits, honey, cocoa, and integral cereal). Contributions to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were studied for two population groups: 0-6-monthold and 6-month-1-year-old infants. The results reported that mineral and trace elements contents in these types of food cover the established DRIs for Ca, Mg, P, Fe, and K being relatively low for Zn and Cu. Conversely, Na and Mn contents were moderately high and should be decreased to reduce the prevalence of certain diseases.Se ha desarrollado un modelo probabilístico para determinar la ingesta de Fe, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Na, y K a partir del consumo de fórmulas y cereales infantiles. Las fórmulas infantiles se clasificaron en dos categorías (inicio y continuación) y los cereales en seis categorías (con o sin gluten, con frutas, miel, cacao e integrales). Las contribuciones a la Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (IDR) se han realizado para dos grupos de población: bebés de 0-6 meses y de 6 meses-1 año. Los resultados muestran como el contenido de minerales y elementos traza presentes en este tipo de alimentos cubren la IDR establecida para Ca, Mg, P, Fe, K, y fueron bajos para cubrir la IDR de Zn y Cu. Por contra, el contenido de Na y Mn es alto y debe reducirse para reducir la incidencia de determinadas patologías.
A probabilistic model was developed to estimate the intake level for Fe, Zn, Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Na, and K derived from consumption of weaning foods in Spain. They were pooled into 10 different categories based on the main ingredient used in its formulation (chicken, chicken-veal, hake, ham, varied vegetables, chicken-ham, lamb, veal, sole, and beef-ham). The results reported that trace elements contents were especially low and inadequate according to the Dietary Reference Intake especially to Fe, Zn, and Ca and in less extent for Cu and P. Instead, Na contents were moderately high and near to upper limit of this element.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.