Zebrafish locomotor capacity and brain acetylcholinesterase activity is altered by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

Thein vitroandin vivoeffects of chlorpyrifos on acetylcholinesterase activity of rainbow trout brain

“…In fish, a decrease in AChE activity causes acetylcholine accumulation within synapses, leading to the impairment of important functions such as swimming, feeding and general behaviour (Glusczak et al 2006). Further, AChE inhibition may be associated with cell damage and lower AChE expression in the nervous system (Xing et al 2013;Zhang de et al 2013). It has been reported that AChE enzyme activity and its mRNA transcription decreased after exposure of chlorpyrifos in common carp brain (Xing et al 2010).…”

Health Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria in U.S. Drinking and Recreational Waters: Our Current Understanding and Proposed Direction

“…However, when one considers the everexpanding assortment of bioactive metabolites produced by essentially all bloom-forming cyanobacteria-it becomes unclear what criteria should be satisfied in order to consider a bloom nontoxic, which is to say, safe for recreation and/or drinking water purposes. For example, Aphanizomenon flosaquae is commonly consumed as a health supplement because it is often considered nontoxic-although there are an increasing number of reports of it producing cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin [98,99]. Additionally, in the only sequenced Aphanizomenon flos-aquae genome currently available, there were 4 NRPS/PKS gene clusters encoding for 3 unidentified metabolites and anabaenopeptin; the latter being considered nontoxic based on mouse studies.…”

Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

“…In adults, PSPs accumulate in muscle (Bakke et al, 2010), and apoptotic gene upregulation was reported in zebrafish liver (Zhang et al, 2011(Zhang et al, , 2013a. In addition, PSPs also adversely affect swimming ability in both larval and adult fish (Samson et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2013b). Thus PSPs exert broad-range toxicity, ranging from interference with metabolic and physiological functions to the induction of behavioral abnormalities in fish (Ferrão-Filho and Kozlowsky-Suzuki, 2011).…”

“…Waterblooms predominated by A. flos-aquae DC-1 have been recorded in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, in most years in recent decades, reflecting environmental conditions favorable for bloom development (Wu et al, 2010). The prevalent organism in these waterblooms has been shown to secrete neurotoxic PSPs (Liu et al, 2006) which are known to damage the morphological ultrastructure and biochemical parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver and adversely affect swimming capacity (Zhang et al, 2013a(Zhang et al, , 2013b(Zhang et al, , 2013c. The Dianchi Lake is an important source of freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and tourism activities, serving a population of over 5 million in the vicinity of Kunming city, Yunnan Province (Liu et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2013a).…”