X Ephedra Species: In Vitro Culture, Micropropagation, and the Production of Ephedrine and Other Alkaloids

O'Dowd, Niamh A.; McCauley, Patrick G.; Wilson, Graham; Parnell, John A. N.; Kavanagh, Tony A.; McConnell, David J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58833-4_10

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Our data revealed that the total alkaloid production was significantly increased with increasing weather temperature and reducing humidity. This finding is also supported by previous reports that indicated Ephedra plants growing in areas with low humidity contain lower alkaloid amount, compared to plants growing in high-humidity conditions (ODowd et al 1998).…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of E Major Stemsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Previous results revealed that some species of Ephedra such as Ephedra sinica accumulates high level of ephedrine in stems and root is depleted from ephedrine alkaloid (ODowd et al 1998). To investigate distribution pattern of ephedrine alkaloid in E. major, we preferred to determine total alkaloid level and ephedrine amount in root and stem organ of 6 weeks old plants, separately.…”

Section: Ephedrine Is Absent In Root Of E Majormentioning

confidence: 96%

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Chemical components of theEphedra majorfrom Iran

Aghdasi

Bojnoordi

Mianabadi

et al. 2015

Natural Product Research

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Ephedra is a dioecious shrub that belongs to the Ephedraceae family of gymnosperms. Almost all commercial applications of Ephedra extracts are derived from the ephedrine alkaloids found in the evergreen stems. The purpose of this study was to compare chemical components (total alkaloid, ephedrine, total phenol, total flavonoid and tannin) of Ephedra major plants during May to October months. The seeds and stems were collected from Bojnoord altitudes in east of Iran. Total alkaloid was separated by solvent and soxhelet extraction method. The results revealed that solvent extraction method is more efficient than soxhelet extraction method. The measurement of chemical components showed significant difference during May to October months. Data from HPLC analysis revealed that while root is depleted of ephedrine, the ephedrine amount in stem organ ranged from 1.50 ± 0.15 to 2.12 ± 0.01 mg/g dry weight. The results indicate that E. major can be as a suitable source of ephedrine.

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Section: Chemical Composition Of E Major Stemsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Ephedrine Is Absent In Root Of E Majormentioning

confidence: 96%

Chemical components of theEphedra majorfrom Iran

Aghdasi

Bojnoordi

Mianabadi

et al. 2015

Natural Product Research

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“…Total alkaloid content may reach 2.5% dry mass in E. equisetina and E. monosperma stems (Zhang, Tian, and Lou, 1989) and between 1 and 2% in E. gerardiana stems (Grue-Sorensen and Spenser, 1989;Zhang, Tian, and Lou, 1989), E. major ssp. Ephedra distachya and E. sinica are rich in ephedrine (Hegnauer, 1986;Zhang, Tian, and Lou, 1989), whereas European E. distachya appears to be richer in pseudoephedrine (O'Dowd et al, 1998;Caveney and Starratt, 1994) (Table 1). procera (sub E. nebrodensis and E. procera in Hegnauer, 1986;Qazilbach, 1971), and in E. botschantzevii.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae)

Caveney

Charlet

Freitag

et al. 2001

American J of Botany

118

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For several millennia, stem extracts of Ephedra (Ephedraceae, Gnetales) have been used as folk medicines in both the Old and New World. Some species were used in treatments of questionable efficacy for venereal disease in North America during the last century. Many Eurasian species produce phenylethylamine alkaloids, mostly ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, that interact with adrenergic receptors in the mammalian sympathetic nervous system. Asian Ephedra have been used recently in the clandestine manufacture of a street drug, methamphetamine. Although ephedrine alkaloids are not detectable in New World species of Ephedra, together with Asian species they contain other nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites with known neuropharmacological activity. Many mesic and particularly xeric species worldwide accumulate substantial amounts of quinoline-2-carboxylic acids, or kynurenates, in their aerial parts. Many species of Ephedra accumulate cyclopropyl amino acid analogues of glutamate and proline in their stems and roots, and particularly in the seed endosperm. Mesic species synthesize substantial amounts of three L-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine stereomers rarely seen in nature. A cyclopropyl analogue of proline with known antimicrobial activity, cis-3,4-methanoproline, is found in large amounts in the stems and seeds of many Ephedra species. The ability to synthesize cyclopropyl amino acids may be an ancestral feature in the taxon. The natural function in the taxon of these three groups of secondary compounds remains to be established.

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“…FRAP reagent was prepared according to Benzie and Strain (1999) [15] by the addition of 2.5 mL of a 10 mM tripydyltriazine (TPTZ) solution in 40 mM HCl plus 2.5 mL of 20mM FeCl 3 .6H 2 O and 25 mL of 0.3M acetate buffer at pH 3.6. Acetate buffer (0.3M) was prepared by dissolving 16.8 g of acetic acid and 0.8g of sodium hydroxide in 1000 mL of distilled water.…”

Section: Chemicals and Reagentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoids of Wild Ephedra Alata Plant Extracts by Lc/Pda and Lc/MS and Their Antioxidant Activity

Al‐Rimawi¹,

Abu‐Lafi²,

Abbadi³

et al. 2017

Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med

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Background: Ephedra is among Palestinian medicinal plants that are traditionally used in folkloric medicine for treating many diseases. Ephedra is known to have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. The goal of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of different extracts from the Ephedra alata plant growing wild in Palestine, and to analyze their phenolic and flavonoid constituents by HPLC/PDA and HPLC/MS. Materials and Methods: Samples of the Ephedra alata plant grown wild in Palestine were extracted with three different solvents namely, 100% water, 80% ethanol, and 100% ethanol. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity (AA), as well as phenolic and flavonoids content by HPLC/PDA/MS. Results:The results revealed that the polarity of the extraction solvent affects the TPC, TFC, and AA of extracts. It was found that both TPC and AA are highest for plant extracted with 80% ethanol, followed by 100% ethanol, and finally with 100% water. TFC however was highest in the following order: 100% ethanol > 80% ethanol > water. Pearson correlation indicated that there is a significant correlation between AA and TPC, but there is no correlation between AA and TFC. Simultaneous HPLC-PDA and UHPLC-MS analysis of the ethanolic plant extracts revealed the presence of Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide flavone, Myricetin 3-rhamnoside and some other major polyphenolic compounds that share myricetin skeleton. Conclusion Ephedra alata extract is rich in potent falvonoid glycosidic compounds as revealed by their similar overlaid UV-Vis spectra and UHPLC-MS results. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that Ephedra alata constitutes a natural source of potent antioxidants that may prevent many diseases and could be potentially used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.

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X Ephedra Species: In Vitro Culture, Micropropagation, and the Production of Ephedrine and Other Alkaloids

Cited by 13 publications

References 66 publications

Chemical components of theEphedra majorfrom Iran

Chemical components of theEphedra majorfrom Iran

New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae)

Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoids of Wild Ephedra Alata Plant Extracts by Lc/Pda and Lc/MS and Their Antioxidant Activity

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