Wire based additive layer manufacturing: Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V components fabricated by laser-beam deposition and shaped metal deposition

Baufeld, Bernd; Brandl, Erhard; Biest, Omer Van der

doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.018

Cited by 438 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, the fracture surface profiles reveal that the predominant fracture is inter granular where cracks have propagated mainly along the grain boundaries present in the microstructure as shown in the insets of the same figure. This result is consistent with research on fatigue crack propagation of Ti alloys with fine microstructure, where it has been reported that crack propagation is highly depended on the crystallographic orientation of the α grains containing the crack tip and the number of grain boundaries in the microstructure [40,47,48]. It has been shown that in fine microstructures the crack tip deflects at the grain boundaries generating predominantly inter granular fracture as the neighbouring α grains (or colonies) have multiple distinct crystallographic orientations (i.e.…”

Section: Anisotropy Of Slm Ti-6al-4v: Tensile Properties Of Samples Wsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V

Simonelli

Tse

Tuck

2014

Materials Science and Engineering: A

776

288

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originates from the AM process. To understand the effect of the microstructure on the tensile properties, selective laser melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V samples built in three different orientations were tensile tested. The investigated samples were near fully dense, in two distinct conditions, as-built and stress relieved respectively. It was found that the build orientation affects the tensile properties, and in particular the ductility of the samples. The mechanical anisotropy of the parts was discussed in relation to the crystallographic texture, phase composition and the predominant fracture mechanisms. Fractography and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results indicate that the predominant fracture mechanism is 2 intergranular fracture along the grain boundaries present and thus provide and explanation for the typical fracture surface features observed in fracture AM Ti-6Al-4V.

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Section: Anisotropy Of Slm Ti-6al-4v: Tensile Properties Of Samples Wsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V

Simonelli

Tse

Tuck

2014

Materials Science and Engineering: A

776

288

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“…Induced residual stresses and distortions (see also Section 2.3.2), inevitable consequences of the welding or metal deposition processing, might also result in local cracking of the part. More specific to layer-by-layer wire deposition processes, mechanical properties that are comparable with cast or even wrought material have been measured (Baufeld et al 2010;Baufeld et al 2011;Brandl et al 2011b;Åkerfeldt et al 2011). Orientation dependency of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and ductility has been noticed when testing deposited wall structures; higher strength in the vertical direction corresponds to the prior-grains growing direction.…”

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

Murgau

Pederson

Lindgren

2012

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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This thesis is devoted to microstructure modelling of Ti-6Al-4V. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of titanium alloys are highly dependent on the temperature history experienced by the material. The developed microstructure model accounts for thermal driving forces and is applicable for general temperature histories. It has been applied to study wire feed additive manufacturing processes that induce repetitive heating and cooling cycles. The microstructure model adopts internal state variables to represent the microstructure through microstructure constituents' fractions in finite element simulation. This makes it possible to apply the model efficiently for large computational models of general thermomechanical processes. The model is calibrated and validated versus literature data. It is applied to Gas Tungsten Arc Welding -also known as Tungsten Inert Gas welding-wire feed additive manufacturing process. Four quantities are calculated in the model: the volume fraction of phase, consisting of Widmanstätten , grain boundary , and martensite . The phase transformations during cooling are modelled based on diffusional theory described by a Johnson-Mehl-AvramiKolmogorov formulation, except for diffusionless martensite formation where the Koistinen-Marburger equation is used. A parabolic growth rate equation is used for the to transformation upon heating. An added variable, structure size indicator of Widmanstätten , has also been implemented and calibrated. It is written in a simple Arrhenius format. The microstructure model is applied to in finite element simulation of wire feed additive manufacturing. Finally, coupling with a physically based constitutive model enables a comprehensive and predictive model of the properties that evolve during processing.

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“…2 The type of heat source is another factor that influences the microstructure and properties of AM-fabricated materials. 45 Compared with parts made by conventional manufacturing processes, AM-fabricated components show promising properties for most metallic materials. 2,[46][47][48] However, the presence of shrinkage porosity and residual stress can affect their static and dynamic properties depending on the applied AM technique and processing parameters.…”

Section: Properties and Performance Of Additive Manufactured Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing: Making Imagination the Major Limitation

Zhai

Lados

LaGoy³

2014

JOM

243

125

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Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to an advanced technology used for the fabrication of three-dimensional near-net-shaped functional components directly from computer models, using unit materials. The fundamentals and working principle of AM offer several advantages, including near-net-shape capabilities, superior design and geometrical flexibility, innovative multimaterial fabrication, reduced tooling and fixturing, shorter cycle time for design and manufacturing, instant local production at a global scale, and material, energy, and cost efficiency. Well suiting the requests of modern manufacturing climate, AM is viewed as the new industrial revolution, making its way into a continuously increasing number of industries, such as aerospace, defense, automotive, medical, architecture, art, jewelry, and food. This overview was created to relate the historical evolution of the AM technology to its state-of-the-art developments and emerging applications. Generic thoughts on the microstructural characteristics, properties, and performance of AM-fabricated materials will also be discussed, primarily related to metallic materials. This write-up will introduce the general reader to specifics of the AM field vis-à-vis advantages and common techniques, materials and properties, current applications, and future opportunities.

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Wire based additive layer manufacturing: Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V components fabricated by laser-beam deposition and shaped metal deposition

Cited by 438 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V

Effect of the build orientation on the mechanical properties and fracture modes of SLM Ti–6Al–4V

A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

Additive Manufacturing: Making Imagination the Major Limitation

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