Winter wheat leaf diseases and several steps included in their integrated control: A review

Abstract

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf diseases is an important risk factor that influences the productivity and quality of wheat production. The aim of the present study was to review published scientific literature about the possibilities for integrated control of winter wheat leaf diseases. The most common and economically important wheat leaf diseases are Septoria leaf blotch (caused by Zymoseptoria tritici), tan spot (caused by Pyrenophora triticirepentis), yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis), and powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis). The severity of winter wheat diseases has varied significantly over the years and depended on meteorological conditions, variety resistance to pathogen, and tillage system. The crop rotation and an efficient residue management significantly decrease the development of tan spot. The development of Septoria leaf blotch mainly depends on meteorological conditions, but agronomic practice is less important. The use of disease-resistant varieties is the most economical, safe, and effective way to prevent and control wheat leaf diseases. Many European countries have a number of decision support systems for optimizing and minimizing the use of fungicides. Decision support systems are based on control thresholds and meteorological observations. Most used parameters are: air temperature, relative air humidity, and precipitation. These systems have been developed in the countries with a milder climate and a longer vegetation period than Latvia, and systems need to be adapted to Latvian conditions. The main groups of fungicides for disease control in winter wheat are azoles, strobilurin, and carboxamides. The results of many studies about the effectiveness of fungicide groups show that the obtained results differ and further research is needed.

Bipolaris sorokiniana-Induced Black Point, Common Root Rot, and Spot Blotch Diseases of Wheat: A Review

“…The use of silicon was also found to improve resistance of wheat leaves to B. sorokiniana infection ( Domiciano et al., 2010 ). In addition to these management strategies, balanced nutrition and crop rotation should form a part of the integrated management strategies in managing spot blotch in wheat ( Sharma et al., 2005 ; Sharma et al., 2006 ; Yadav et al., 2013 ; Mazzilli et al., 2016 ; Bankina et al., 2018 ; Sˇvarta and Bimsˇteine, 2019 ). The application of nitrogen alone without phosphorus and potassium is known to increase the severity of spot blotch ( Singh et al., 2012 ).…”

Minimizing Yield Losses and Sanitary Risks through an Appropriate Combination of Fungicide Seed and Foliar Treatments on Wheat in Different Production Situations

“…The agronomic practices adopted for the prevention of fungal diseases mainly focus on minimizing the pathogen inocula using crop rotation [13] or soil tillage to incorporate previous crop debris [14], and the use of tolerant varieties [10,15]. However, in climatic conditions that are conductive to fungal diseases, the previously mentioned preventive measures might not be sufficient, and direct control, through the use of a fungicide application, is often necessary [16,17].…”