Wind tunnel testing of a closed-loop wake deflection controller for wind farm power maximization

Campagnolo, Filippo; Petrović, Vlaho; Schreiber, Johannes; Nanos, Emmanouil M.; Croce, Alessandro; Bottasso, Carlo L.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032006

Cited by 120 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…However, wind tunnel testing embraced over the years more aspects of wind turbine design, going one step further from airfoil performance experiments to testing of scaled wind turbine models. Indeed, wind tunnel testing of scaled wind turbines has been used for a plethora of applications such as wake studies [2,3], wind turbine control tests [4], wind farm control validation [5] and complex terrain studies [6]. Undoubtedly, scaled wind turbine model design evolved over the years following the demand for new research applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [4], an aeroelastically scaled model of a Vestas V90 wind turbine was developed, featuring a 2 m rotor diameter and active torque, yaw and individual pitch control. In [5], a model with similar control capabilities but a smaller rigid rotor (1.1 m diameter) and flexible tower was developed.The above list, although not exhaustive, reveals the great diversity of scaled wind turbine models that exist in the literature. Some of them are quite sophisticated in terms of design and instrumentation, yet their size requires large wind tunnels and/or limits the number of wind turbines that can be used to avoid blockage or other undesirable effects.…”

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Design of a multipurpose scaled wind turbine model

Nanos

Kheirallah

Campagnolo

et al. 2018

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. This paper describes the methodology that was followed for designing a scaled wind turbine model. This model is intended to be used in complex terrain studies as well as deep array wind farm control tests. Therefore, emphasis was given on making it as compact as possible while keeping a high level of instrumentation. The result is a three blade wind turbine with rotor diameter of 0.6 m equipped with active pitch, yaw and torque control. After a discussion on the design procedure, we present preliminary performance characteristics of the model obtained experimentally. IntroductionWind tunnel testing is an invaluable tool for improving wind turbine efficiency and eventually reducing the levelized cost of energy from wind. The wind turbine component that has benefited the most from wind tunnel testing is certainly the blade, since wind tunnel testing of wind turbine airfoils was used from the very beginning of the wind energy industry [1]. However, wind tunnel testing embraced over the years more aspects of wind turbine design, going one step further from airfoil performance experiments to testing of scaled wind turbine models. Indeed, wind tunnel testing of scaled wind turbines has been used for a plethora of applications such as wake studies [2,3], wind turbine control tests [4], wind farm control validation [5] and complex terrain studies [6]. Undoubtedly, scaled wind turbine model design evolved over the years following the demand for new research applications. For example, in the MEXICO project [2, 3] a 4.5 m diameter wind turbine model was developed with highly instrumented blades with the purpose of creating a database of wake and rotor load data. In other wake studies smaller scaled wind turbines were used, such as the 10 cm diameter model that Chamoro et al. used in [7] or the 15 cm model developed by Bastankhah in [8]. Models of similar size have been used for simulating wind farms in a wind tunnel, as for example the nine scaled models of 12 cm rotor diameter used for simulating a 3×3 array in [9]. In [4], an aeroelastically scaled model of a Vestas V90 wind turbine was developed, featuring a 2 m rotor diameter and active torque, yaw and individual pitch control. In [5], a model with similar control capabilities but a smaller rigid rotor (1.1 m diameter) and flexible tower was developed.The above list, although not exhaustive, reveals the great diversity of scaled wind turbine models that exist in the literature. Some of them are quite sophisticated in terms of design and instrumentation, yet their size requires large wind tunnels and/or limits the number of wind turbines that can be used to avoid blockage or other undesirable effects. Some others are quite small and, despite being very useful for wind farm aerodynamic studies, they have limited capabilities and/or aerodynamic performance. In this paper we introduce a multipurpose scaled

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of a multipurpose scaled wind turbine model

Nanos

Kheirallah

Campagnolo

et al. 2018

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…The study has been executed within the larger scope of the CompactWind project, which has the purpose of investigating the effect of different wind farm control concepts and yaw configurations of the individual turbines on the wind farm energy output, the wake structures, and wind turbine loads (Campagnolo et al, 2016c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration and uncertainty analysis of synchronised scanning lidar measurements of 2-D velocity fields in a boundary-layer wind tunnel

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper combines the research methodologies of scaled wind turbine model experiments in wind tunnels with short-range WindScanner lidar measurement technology. The wind tunnel at the Politecnico di Milano was equipped with three wind turbine models and two short-range WindScanner lidars to demonstrate the benefits of synchronised scanning lidars in such experimental surroundings for the first time. The duallidar system can provide fully synchronised trajectory scans with sampling timescales ranging from seconds to minutes. First, staring mode measurements were compared to hot-wire probe measurements commonly used in wind tunnels. This yielded goodness of fit coefficients of 0.969 and 0.902 for the 1 Hz averaged u and v components of the wind speed, respectively, validating the 2-D measurement capability of the lidar scanners. Subsequently, the measurement of wake profiles on a line as well as wake area scans were executed to illustrate the applicability of lidar scanning to the measurement of small-scale wind flow effects. An extensive uncertainty analysis was executed to assess the accuracy of the method. The downsides of lidar with respect to the hotwire probes are the larger measurement probe volume, which compromises the ability to measure turbulence, and the possible loss of a small part of the measurements due to hard target beam reflection. In contrast, the benefits are the high flexibility in conducting both point measurements and area scanning and the fact that remote sensing techniques do not disturb the flow during measuring. The research campaign revealed a high potential for using short-range synchronised scanning lidars to measure the flow around wind turbines in a wind tunnel and increased the knowledge about the corresponding uncertainties.

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“…The goal is that the power gain of downstream turbines is higher than the power loss of the misaligned upstream turbine. More recent wind tunnel experiments (Bastankhah and Porté-Agel, 2015;Campagnolo et al, 2016) and large eddy simulations (LES) (Gebraad et al, 2014) demonstrated the potential of such wake steering strategies for increasing the overall energy yield. Additionally, (Vollmer et al, 2016) 5 investigated the influence of different atmospheric stabilities on active wake deflection in an LES study and analysed multiple sources that contribute to the uncertainty of the estimation of the deflected wake position.…”

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confidence: 99%

Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty

Rott¹,

Doekemeijer²,

Seifert³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The prospects of active wake deflection control to mitigate wake-induced power losses in wind farms have been demonstrated by large eddy simulations, wind tunnel experiments and recent field tests. However, it has not yet been fully understood how the yaw control of wind farms should take into account the variability of current environmental conditions in the field and the uncertainty of their measurements. This research investigated the influence of dynamic wind direction changes on active wake deflection by intended yaw misalignment. For this purpose the wake model FLORIS was used together with 5 wind direction measurements recorded at an onshore met mast in flat terrain. The analysis showed that active wake deflection has a high sensitivity towards short-term wind directional changes. This can lead to an increased yaw activity of the turbines.Fluctuations and uncertainties can cause the attempt to increase the power output to fail. Therefore a methodology to optimise the yaw control algorithm for active wake deflection was introduced, which considers dynamic wind direction changes and inaccuracies in the determination of the wind direction. The evaluation based on real wind direction time series confirmed that 10 the robust control algorithm can be tailored to specific meteorological and wind farm conditions and that it can indeed achieve an overall power increase in realistic inflow conditions. Furthermore recommendations for the implementation are given which could combine the robust behaviour with reduced yaw activity.

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Wind tunnel testing of a closed-loop wake deflection controller for wind farm power maximization

Cited by 120 publications

References 8 publications

Design of a multipurpose scaled wind turbine model

Design of a multipurpose scaled wind turbine model

Demonstration and uncertainty analysis of synchronised scanning lidar measurements of 2-D velocity fields in a boundary-layer wind tunnel

Robust active wake control in consideration of wind direction variability and uncertainty

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