Why Do Women Endorse Hostile and Benevolent Sexism? The Role of Salient Female Subtypes and Internalization of Sexist Contents

Becker, Julia C.

doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9707-4

Cited by 84 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…In line with these predictions, Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner, and Zhu (1997) found that men's HS uniquely predicted negative attitudes toward career women, whereas men's BS uniquely predicted positive attitudes toward homemakers. Complementary evidence for this differential role of hostile and BS comes from a more recent study with female participants (Becker, 2010). In this study, the more women thought about career women while completing the HS scale, the greater was their endorsement of hostile sexist beliefs.…”

Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In this study, the more women thought about career women while completing the HS scale, the greater was their endorsement of hostile sexist beliefs. In contrast, the more women thought about housewives while completing the BS scale, the greater was their endorsement of benevolent sexist beliefs (Becker, 2010).…”

Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Second, and more importantly, studies of ambivalent gender attitudes typically deal with the associations between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward female roles (Becker, 2010; or female characteristics and behaviors (Abrams, Viki, Masser, & Bohner, 2003;Forbes et al, 2003Forbes et al, , 2007Fowers & Fowers, 2010). Little is known, however, about the implications of ambivalence toward men and how hostile and benevolent attitudes shape people's views of men in various roles.…”

Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles

Gaunt

2013

Community, Work & Family

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This study draws on ambivalent sexism theory to explore the role of benevolent and hostile gender attitudes in determining perceptions of individuals who comply with traditional gender roles or violate them. Three hundred and eleven participants were presented with a description of a male or a female target who was either a primary breadwinner or a primary caregiver. As hypothesized, hostile sexism (HS) predicted more negative perceptions of a female breadwinner, whereas benevolent sexism (BS) predicted more positive perceptions of a female caregiver. Moreover, participants who endorsed hostile attitudes toward men reacted more positively to a nontraditional male caregiver, whereas those who endorsed benevolent attitudes toward men reacted more negatively to a male caregiver. Implications regarding the nature of ambivalent gender attitudes are discussed.Keywords: ambivalent sexism; ambivalence toward men; family roles; gender norms Cette étude s'appuie sur la théorie du sexisme ambivalent à explorer le rô le des attitudes sexistes bienveillants et hostile à déterminer les perceptions des individus qui se conforment aux rô les traditionnels des sexes ou les violer. Trois cent onze participants ont été présentés avec une description d'un mâle ou d'une cible féminine qui était soit un principal soutien de famille ou un soignant primaire. Comme hypothèse, le sexisme hostile prédit des perceptions plus négatives du soutien de famille femelle, tandis que sexisme bienveillant prédit une perception plus positive de femme au foyer. De plus, les participants qui ont approuvé les attitudes hostiles envers les hommes ont réagi plus positivement à un fournisseur de soins non traditionnels de sexe masculin, alors que ceux qui ont approuvé l'attitude bienveillante envers les hommes ont réagi plus négativement à un soignant de sexe masculin. Implications quant à la nature des attitudes ambivalentes entre les sexes sont discutées.

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Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Community Work and Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles

Gaunt

2013

Community, Work & Family

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“…Men usually score higher on sexism scales (Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2010), but women may also have sexist reactions towards non-traditional victims, especially when they succeed in typically male professions (Parks-Stamm, Heilman, & Hearns, 2008). Based on two studies using German community samples, Becker (2010) tried to explain why women endorse in hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes. Hostile sexism was proven to be higher when women think about non-traditional female subtypes; in contrast, benevolent sexist attitudes were proven to be adopted when they think about traditional female subtypes.…”

Section: Ambivalent Sexismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming

Ferrão

Gonçalves

2015

Psychol. Thought

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This article presents an overview of empirical research on the role of observer variables in rape victim blaming (female attacked by a male perpetrator). The focus is on literature from the last 15 years. The variables observer gender, ambivalent sexism, rape myth acceptance, and rape empathy are discussed in relation to victim blaming. Most research on rape is conducted using diverse methods and approaches that result in a great disparity regarding the role of these variables in predicting blame assignments. Despite the inconsistencies, most studies show that men hold the victim more responsible for her own victimization than women. Findings further indicate that higher scores on sexist ideologies and rape myth acceptance predict higher victim blame, and that higher rape empathy scores predict lower victim blame. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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“…Women's endorsement of hostile sexism is related to more negative views of non-traditional women who are perceived as subverting the gender-related status hierarchy (Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner, & Zhu, 1997;Masser & Abrams, 2004;Becker, 2010). Conversely, BS is a subjectively favourable ideology which offers protection and affection toward women who embrace traditional gender roles (Glick & Fiske, 1996).…”

Section: Internalised Sexismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why can’t we all just get along? A social psychological examination of women’s intra-gender hostility

Lizzio‐Wilson¹

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Women's intra-gender hostility has been the focus of attention in both the popular media and scholarly literature. However, important gaps still remain in our understanding of the construct validity, causes of, and contextual factors influencing this process. Thus I investigate the following under-explored questions in this thesis: a) is intra-gender hostility a form of conflict unique to women, or are similar processes also evident among men?; b) do the unique identity pressures women face as a lower status group contribute to their intra-gender hostility?; and c) what contextual factors modify women's intra-gender hostility?In Chapter 3, I find that men and women report similar levels of attitudinal intra-gender hostility, indicating that it is not a form of intra-group conflict more commonly faced by women. I also demonstrate that the factor structure of men and women's intra-and inter-gender hostility are distinct, suggesting that intra-gender hostility is a form of intra-group conflict rather than an expression of general negativity. Building on this in Chapter 4, I provide more convincing evidence that women's intra-gender hostility reflects and potentially reinforces their disadvantaged position.Specifically, I demonstrate that women's intra-gender hostility is related to the unique identity pressures they face as a lower status group and factors which reflect and potentially reinforce their disadvantaged position (i.e. sexual competitiveness regarding attractiveness, hostile sexism, private collective self-esteem). In contrast, men's intra-gender hostility was uniquely related to factors which reflect and reinforce their higher status position (i.e. hostility toward men). This suggests that men and women's intra-gender hostility may function in complementary ways to reinforce the gender-related status hierarchy.In Chapter 5, I further investigate how women's unique identity pressures contribute to their intra-gender hostility. I replicate findings from previous research that women who more (versus less) strongly endorse hostile and, to a lesser extent, benevolent sexism, demonstrate greater intra-gender hostility toward non-traditional women. However, I extend these findings by demonstrating that collective threat (the concern that the poor behaviour of an ingroup will be generalised to a negative stereotype of the entire group Cohen & Garcia, 2005); partially explains hostile (but not benevolent) sexists' intra-gender hostility. This provides further evidence that the unique identity pressures women face contribute to their intra-gender hostility, and preliminary evidence to suggest that unique identity pressures related to gender-role appropriate behaviour and maintaining a positive social identity can influence women's attitudes toward and treatment of other women in certain circumstances.Finally in Chapter 6, I investigate the social psychological factors which may contextually activate or attenuate women's intra-gender hostility in the face of social identity threat. I replicate findings fro...

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Why Do Women Endorse Hostile and Benevolent Sexism? The Role of Salient Female Subtypes and Internalization of Sexist Contents

Cited by 84 publications

References 36 publications

Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles

Ambivalent sexism and perceptions of men and women who violate gendered family roles

Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming

Why can’t we all just get along? A social psychological examination of women’s intra-gender hostility

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