Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions

Patrick, Carlianne; Stephens, Heather; Weinstein, Amanda L.

doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2

Cited by 120 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The strong association of female entrepreneurs with issues of work–life balance has been noted by a large number of authors, including Patrick et al . (), who have critiqued the literature for representing female entrepreneurs mainly as married women with family burdens. Patrick et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patrick et al . () argue that women's decisions to set up a business are heterogeneous and influenced by a number of factors, including marriage status as well as local economic and cultural characteristics. While Berg () attacks this focus for being too narrow, as it ignores the interaction between place and gender relations, which is crucial for our understanding of entrepreneurship.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strong association of female entrepreneurs with issues of work-life balance has been noted by a large number of authors, including Patrick et al (2016), who have critiqued the literature for representing female entrepreneurs mainly as married women with family burdens. Patrick et al (2016) argue that women's decisions to set up a business are heterogeneous and influenced by a number of factors, including marriage status as well as local economic and cultural characteristics. While Berg (1997) attacks this focus for being too narrow, as it ignores the interaction between place and gender relations, which is crucial for our understanding of entrepreneurship.…”

Section: Characteristics and Motivations Of Female Entrepreneursmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Female Entrepreneurship and the Metanarrative of Economic Growth: A Critical Review of Underlying Assumptions

Dean

Larsen

Ford

et al. 2017

Int J Management Reviews

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This critical review of the literature on female entrepreneurship problematizes the metanarrative of economic growth and the mechanisms through which it both operates and is maintained. Central to this is the axiomatic ‘underperformance hypothesis’, which states that ‘all else being equal, female entrepreneurs tend to be less successful than their male counterparts in terms of conventional economic performance measures’ (Du Rietz and Henrekson (2000, p. 1). As an axiom, the truth of the ‘underperformance hypothesis’ is taken for granted, and thus it invisibly serves as a starting point, delimiter and interpretive lens for analysis in this field. While it remains invisible, the hypothesis will continue to reproduce the differences between male and female entrepreneurs, and thus the subordination of women to men in the realm of entrepreneurship. The review illustrates how, by associating females with underperformance, the persistent influence of the metanarrative of economic growth has been masked and the image of the female entrepreneur as problematic and inferior to her male counterpart has been reinforced. The authors argue that a postmodern feminist epistemology will destabilize both the metanarrative of economic growth, and the axiomatic ‘underperformance hypothesis’ it supports, thus opening up space for a heterogeneous understanding of (female) entrepreneurship. By questioning accepted knowledge about female entrepreneurs, the review sets the platform for the exploration of new research questions and a broad agenda for future research. Such an agenda is crucial in order to move future research beyond the pervasive influence of the metanarrative of economic growth and its attendant underperformance hypothesis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics and Motivations Of Female Entrepreneursmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Female Entrepreneurship and the Metanarrative of Economic Growth: A Critical Review of Underlying Assumptions

Dean

Larsen

Ford

et al. 2017

Int J Management Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We now present several robustness tests. First, one potential concern is that the self‐employment decision can be driven by unemployment (see Ritsila and Tervo, ), and if the probability of unemployment varies by gender, the results could be confounded by this factor. In our sample, 16% of respondents were unemployed before entering self‐employment .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender gap in self‐employment: The role of risk attitudes

Hayduk

Williams

2019

Econ of Transit and Inst Chang

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This paper examines the link between the willingness to take risk and the gender gap in self‐employment in the transition economy, where for decades entrepreneurship was considered a crime. Using rich data on risk preferences and entrepreneurial activities, we show that male–female risk tolerance differential is the main determinant of the gender gap in self‐employment in Ukraine. The decomposition results indicate that up to 38% of the gap can be attributed to this factor. Robustness tests support the validity of the baseline findings by suggesting that the results are not confounded by such factors as being unemployed before starting a current job, having a self‐employed household member, or living in a relatively wealthy household before transitioning to self‐employment.

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“…Overall, marital support decreased the burdens and demands of being self-employed (Carraco 1999). Due to the non-pecuniary and pecuniary motives, marriage can either respectively push or pull women into self-employment (Patrick et al 2016).…”

Section: Self-employment and Divorcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economy and Divorces: Their Impact Over Time on the Self-Employment Rates in Spain

et al. 2018

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The paper used time-series data and examined the effect of economic and social variables on the male and female self-employment rates in Spain. We also employed cointegration analysis (with and without) structural breaks. We thus find strong evidence that long run relationships exist among the variables. More precisely, we find that the unemployment rates and the ratio of self-employment to employees' earnings have a positive effect on self-employment, whereas, economic development and divorce rates have a negative effect. Importantly, we find that the economic variables have equal or stronger long run impact on females than males, with both groups reacting to changes in family circumstances. Finally, we show that the short run family circumstances are better predictors of selfemployment choices rather than economic factors, with self-employment being a means of adjustment to new personal circumstances and economic needs.

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Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions

Cited by 120 publications

References 53 publications

Female Entrepreneurship and the Metanarrative of Economic Growth: A Critical Review of Underlying Assumptions

Female Entrepreneurship and the Metanarrative of Economic Growth: A Critical Review of Underlying Assumptions

Gender gap in self‐employment: The role of risk attitudes

Economy and Divorces: Their Impact Over Time on the Self-Employment Rates in Spain

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