When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour

Friese, Malte; Hofmann, Wilhelm; Wänke, Michaela

doi:10.1348/014466607x241540

Cited by 388 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Number of Pringles consumed served as our measure of impulse control. (Friese, Hofmann, & Wanke, 2008;Hofmann, Rauch, & Gawronski, 2007; Inhibition BIS/ BAS Study 5 n = 51 Lab study French participants…”

Section: Unhealthy Food Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avoid looking at the banner ads on top of the screen while reading and answering the selfcontrol scenarios (Based on Gailliot et al, 2007; (Friese, et al, 2008;Hofmann, et al, 2007; …”

Section: Attention Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amount of M&M's left over served as our measure of impulse control. (Friese, et al, 2008;Hofmann, et al, 2007; Inhibition Depletion …”

Section: Unhealthy Food Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Tuk¹,

Zhang²,

Sweldens³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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A rich tradition in self-control research has documented the negative consequences of exerting self-control in one task for self-control performance in subsequent tasks. However, there is a dearth of research examining what happens when people exert self-control in multiple domains simultaneously. The current research aims to fill this gap. We integrate predictions from the most prominent models of self-control with recent neuropsychological insights in the human inhibition system to generate the novel hypothesis that exerting effortful self-control in one task can simultaneously improve self-control in completely unrelated domains. An internal meta-analysis on all 18 studies we conducted shows that exerting self-control in one domain (i.e., controlling attention, food consumption, emotions or thoughts) simultaneously improves self-control in a range of other domains, as demonstrated by, for example, reduced unhealthy food consumption, better Stroop task performance, and less impulsive decision making. A subset of nine studies demonstrates the crucial nature of task timing -when the same tasks are executed sequentially, our results suggest the emergence of an ego depletion effect. We provide conservative estimates of the self-control facilitation (d = |0.22|) as well as the ego depletion effect size (d = |0.17|) free of data selection and publication biases. These results (i) shed new light on self-control theories, (ii) confirm recent claims that previous estimates of the ego depletion effect size were inflated due to publication bias, and (iii) provide a blueprint for how to handle the power issues and associated file drawer problems commonly encountered in multi-study research projects.

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Section: Unhealthy Food Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avoid looking at the banner ads on top of the screen while reading and answering the selfcontrol scenarios (Based on Gailliot et al, 2007; (Friese, et al, 2008;Hofmann, et al, 2007; …”

Section: Attention Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Tuk¹,

Zhang²,

Sweldens³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…2 We tested for main effects of training on these behaviors, but also considered the hypothesis that training might improve self-control only among participants with a predisposition to engage in that behavior (cf. Govorun & Payne, 2006, Friese, Hofmann, & Wänke, 2008. We measured these predispositions by assessing implicit attitudes towards both targets (chocolate, Asian people) using Implicit Association Tests (IATs; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) and used these measures to assess whether training effects were moderated by implicit attitudes.…”

Section: Dependent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does self-control improve with practice? Evidence from a six-week training program.

Miles¹,

Sheeran²,

Baird³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

123

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Can self-control be improved through practice? Several studies have found that repeated practice of tasks involving self-control improves performance on other tasks relevant to selfcontrol. However, in many of these studies, improvements after training could be attributable to methodological factors (e.g., passive control conditions). Moreover, the extent to which the effects of training transfer to real-life settings is not yet clear. In the present research, participants (N = 174) completed a 6-week training program of either cognitive or behavioral self-control tasks. We then tested the effects of practice on a range of measures of self-control, including labbased and real-world tasks. Training was compared to both active and no-contact control conditions. Despite high levels of adherence to the training tasks, there was no effect of training on any measure of self-control. Trained participants did not, for example, show reduced ego depletion effects, become better at overcoming their habits, or report exerting more self-control in everyday life. Moderation analyses found no evidence that training was effective only among particular groups of participants. Bayesian analyses suggested that the data was more consistent with a null effect of training on self-control than with previous estimates of the effect of practice.The implication is that training self-control through repeated practice does not result in generalized improvements in self-control.Keywords: self-control, self-regulation, intervention, ego depletion, self-control training 3 Does Self-Control Improve With Practice? Evidence from a 6-Week Training Program Self-control, or the ability to control thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, seems to be important for success in most areas of life (De Ridder, Lensvelt-Mulders, Finkenauer, Stok, & Baumeister, 2012). During the past 15 years, much of the research into self-control has been inspired by the strength model, which draws the analogy between self-control and a physical muscle (for a review, see Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). This model proposes that, just as using a muscle leads to temporary fatigue, exerting self-control leads to temporary reductions in selfcontrol performance; a phenomenon that has been termed 'ego depletion' (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998). However, the strength model also suggests that if selfcontrol is repeatedly exerted over time (interspersed with periods of rest), then the opposite effect should occur. In other words, just as a muscle grows stronger with exercise, so self-control should improve over time with practice (Muraven, 2010a;Muraven, Baumeister, & Tice, 1999).The ego depletion effect has been the subject of hundreds of empirical tests, extensive analysis of mediating and moderating factors, and much lively theoretical debate (e.g., Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010;Inzlicht & Schmeichel, 2012; Carter, Kofler, Forster, & McCullough, 2015). However, the strength model's predictions about the long-term effects of exerting self-control h...

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“…For example, upon becoming aware of a situational cue implying the importance of considering ones attitude toward an object, an individual may attempt to retrieve a previously stored evaluation of the attitude object, or actively construct an attitude, both of which are reflective and active processes (Fazio et al, 1986). Several theories thus suggest that explicit measurement of attitudes is particularly valuable for the prediction of deliberate controlled behaviour (see Friese, Hofmann, & Wanke, 2008). Explicit self-report measures serve to assess such deliberate evaluations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

Kelly

Barnes‐Holmes

2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour

Cited by 388 publications

References 41 publications

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

The propagation of self-control: Self-control in one domain simultaneously improves self-control in other domains.

Does self-control improve with practice? Evidence from a six-week training program.

Implicit attitudes towards children with autism versus normally developing children as predictors of professional burnout and psychopathology

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