Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system

Expression patterns of C- and N-metabolism related genes in wheat are changed during senescence under elevated CO2 in dry-land agriculture

“…However, [13] also found that nutrients expressed on a TNC-free biomass basis remained significantly reduced suggesting it is unlikely that dilution is solely responsible for the observed decreases in nutrient concentrations under CO 2 enrichment. Also, decreases in nutrient concentration under elevated [CO 2 ] can vary greatly between individual nutrients (between 0.7% and 19.5%) [3,[14][15][16][17]. Therefore other potential contributors to decreased nutrient concentrations under elevated CO 2 are suggested, including decreased mass flow based on decreased transpiration rates or changes in root architecture and function [18].…”

Nutrient Use Efficiency in Plants

“…In several other studies, which focused on the effects on grains rather than vegetative plant parts, there seems to be overall agreement that the elements N, S, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Na are significantly reduced under CO 2 enrichment while contrasting results are reported for K, Mn, P and Fe (Fangmeier et al 1999;Fernando et al 2012;Högy and Fangmeier 2008;Högy et al 2013;Manderscheid et al 1995).…”

“…Simple dilution by greater (structural) biomass production remains a possibility, but if biomass dilution is exclusively responsible for decreasing nutrient concentrations under CO 2 enrichment then all nutrients would decrease equally in concentration. However, as reported earlier, decreases in macro-and micronutrients can vary greatly among each other and across studies (between 0.7 and 19.5 % or 3.7 and 18.3 %) (Fangmeier et al 1999;Fernando et al 2012;Högy and Fangmeier 2008;Högy et al 2009;Manderscheid et al 1995), and there seems to be no general relationship with growth stimulation by elevated [CO 2 ]. It has been repeatedly suggested that factors relating to nutrient uptake efficiency and metabolism are involved in decreased nutrient concentrations under high [CO 2 ].…”

“…For example, it is common that data from different crop types or plant functional groups come from separate groups of experiments (for example, different large scale FACE experiments), and are therefore potentially confounded by factors such as climate or soil. Further, environmental growing conditions can mediate nutrient responses to elevated [CO 2 ]: in one FACE study, variations in rainfall and/or temperature had a significant effect on the response on macro and micro mineral concentrations in wheat grains to CO 2 enrichment (Fernando et al 2012). …”

Elevated field atmospheric CO2 concentrations affect the characteristics of winter wheat (cv. Bologna) grains

“…These conditions affect the redistribution and availability of metabolites for the developing grain, subsequently affecting both grain yield and quality (Kimball et al 2001;Fernando et al 2014). Some FACE experiments demonstrated only a slight decrease in grain protein levels of bread wheat under elevated CO 2 , whereas others pointed to consistent and statistically significant reductions in protein and micronutrient contents (Kimball et al 2001;Wieser et al 2008;Högy et al 2009a;Erbs et al 2010;Fernando et al 2012aFernando et al , 2012bFernando et al , 2014Tausz et al 2013;Myers et al 2014;Nuttall et al 2017). In durum wheat, elevated CO 2 decreased the quality of grains and derived pasta, the main negative effect being on gluten content (Fares et al 2016).…”