Westward Spread of<i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>in Foxes, France, 2005–2010

Combes, Benoît; Comte, Sébastien; Raton, Vincent; Raoul, Francis; Boué, Franck; Umhang, Gérald; Favier, Stéphanie; Dunoyer, Charlotte; Woronoff, Natacha; Giraudoux, Patrick

doi:10.3201/eid1812.120219

Cited by 98 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This decline in the infection level of foxes in 1998 was concomitant with the high population peak of A. scherman, an intermediate host that has been shown to drive E. multilocularis infection in the area (see above). The E. multilocularis prevalence in fox populations in the study area of the Ardennes was 53% (Guislain et al, 2008), a score similar to the one observed in the traditional endemic area of the Jura Mountains (Raoul, Deplazes et al, 2001;Combes et al, 2012). However, the grassland rodent dynamics in the Ardennes was much more stable and lower on average (Guislain et al, 2008); there were no population outbreaks as observed in the Jura Mountains.…”

Section: Definitive Host Population Density and E Multilocularis Trasupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Some authors have associated the variation in prevalence to the variations in host life-history traits (mostly age structure of populations) and/or in environmental parameters, such as climate, landscape characteristics or geographical location (for recent reviews see Atkinson et al, 2013;Otero-Abad and Torgerson, 2013). For example, a number of surveys on regional or national scales have identified a high spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of the parasite in red fox (V. vulpes) populations (Miterpakova et al, 2006;Combes et al, 2012;Guerra et al, 2014). In a recent screening in the north-eastern half of France covering an area of 240,000 km 2 , Combes et al (2012) showed prevalence variation from more than 60% to less than 10% within only some tens of kilometres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a number of surveys on regional or national scales have identified a high spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence of the parasite in red fox (V. vulpes) populations (Miterpakova et al, 2006;Combes et al, 2012;Guerra et al, 2014). In a recent screening in the north-eastern half of France covering an area of 240,000 km 2 , Combes et al (2012) showed prevalence variation from more than 60% to less than 10% within only some tens of kilometres. At this spatial scale, differences in climatic conditions are not likely to explain such gradients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

Raoul

Hegglin

Giraudoux

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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The life cycle of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis primarily involves canids and small mammals (rodents, lagomorphs) as definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. Several surveys have identified marked temporal and geographical variations at different scales in the parasite's prevalence in both types of hosts, suggesting variations in the biological and ecological factors that control transmission processes. The parasite transmission from intermediate to definitive hosts is determined by the predator-prey relationship, which theoretically depends on prey population dynamics and the complex dietary response of predators to varying densities of prey species and other food items. Parasite eggs are transmitted to intermediate hosts via carnivore faeces, whose distribution in the environment is driven by the defecating behaviour of final hosts. We reviewed field-based studies that address issues related to the trophic ecology and behaviour of definitive hosts, interactions between definitive and intermediate hosts, and E. multilocularis transmission both in wild and domestic animals in rural and urban environments. Two density-dependent mechanisms control the transmission dynamics in definitive hosts: one is based on the variations in the availability of intermediate hosts, and the other is based on the variations in the density of the definitive host and its faeces. Non-linearity and the direct and delayed responses of definitive host contamination in relation to intermediate host population variations were recorded. The dietary response of the red fox was shown to be complex when abundant alternative resources were available (anthropogenic food, multiple intermediate host prey species). Micro-local hotspots of parasite transmission to intermediate hosts in a landscape, as well as areas of higher risk for human contamination in village and urban settings, may be explained by the definitive hosts' activity patterns and defecation behaviour.

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Section: Definitive Host Population Density and E Multilocularis Trasupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

Raoul

Hegglin

Giraudoux

2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…The prevalences varied widely among departments, from 0% to 54% (mean prevalence 17%) (Combes et al, 2012). p0135…”

Section: U N C O R R E C T E D P R O O Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis

Deplazes

Rinaldi

Rojas

et al. 2017

Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A

705

649

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“…In the past 20 years, emergence, followed by spreading of the parasite, has been observed in Europe, and E. multilocularis is currently known to be endemic in 18 countries of the European Union (Casulli et al 2010, Combes et al 2012. Similar changes were also observed in North America in the past decades (Storandt and Kazacos 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Evaluation of faecal flotation methods followed by species-specific PCR for detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive hosts

Széll

Sréter-Lancz

Sréter

2014

Acta Parasitologica

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Echinococcus multilocularis is one of the most pathogenic zoonotic parasites in the temperate and arctic region of the Northern Hemisphere. For estimating the potential risk of human infection in endemic areas, reliable antemortem methods are needed to detect the parasite in carnivore definitive hosts. The sensitivity of routine flotation techniques for detection of E. multilocularis eggs was found to be low (3-33%) depending on the flotation solution used (specific gravities = 1.3-1.4). An improved faecal flotation followed by a species-specific PCR is described with a sensitivity of 74% (95% CI = 62-84%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI = 94-100%). These parameters are similar to those of the intestinal scraping technique (sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 100%). The sensitivity of the improved flotation was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than that of routine flotation techniques. The costs of the method are similar or lower than those of other antemortem diagnostic methods. Based on these data, the method is suitable for surveys of domesticated and wild carnivores.

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Westward Spread ofEchinococcus multilocularisin Foxes, France, 2005–2010

Cited by 98 publications

References 13 publications

Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

Trophic ecology, behaviour and host population dynamics in Echinococcus multilocularis transmission

Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis

Evaluation of faecal flotation methods followed by species-specific PCR for detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the definitive hosts

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