West Nile Fever–a Reemerging Mosquito-Borne Viral Disease in Europe

Hubálek, Zdeněk; Halouzka, Jiří

doi:10.3201/eid0505.990505

Cited by 852 publications

(795 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2 Individual cases have been also reported in the Middle East and Asia. 3 However, the WNV became a major risk after the first big pandemic in Romania 1996, which was followed by many outbreaks in various European countries (Italy 1998, France 2000, in South Africa and the Middle East. The first WNV infection in the American continent was confirmed in New York in September 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

et al. 2013

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A series of new substrate analogue inhibitors of the WNV NS2B–NS3 protease containing decarboxylated arginine mimetics at the P1 position was developed. Among the various analogues, trans‐(4‐guanidino)cyclohexylmethylamide (GCMA) was identified as the most suitable P1 residue. In combination with dichloro‐substituted phenylacetyl groups at the P4 position, three inhibitors with inhibition constants of <0.2 μM were obtained. These GCMA inhibitors have a better selectivity profile than the previously described agmatine analogues, and possess negligible affinity for the trypsin‐like serine proteases thrombin, factor Xa, and matriptase. A crystal structure in complex with the WNV protease was determined for one of the most potent inhibitors, 3,4‐dichlorophenylacetyl‐Lys‐Lys‐GCMA (Ki=0.13 μM). The inhibitor adopts a horseshoe‐like conformation, most likely due to a hydrophobic contact between the P4 phenyl ring and the P1 cyclohexyl group, which is further stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the P1 guanidino group and the P4 carbonyl oxygen atom. These inhibitors are stable, readily accessible, and have a noncovalent binding mode. Therefore, they may serve as suitable lead structures for further development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

et al. 2013

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“…O VNO foi isolado em 43 espécies de mosquitos dos gêneros Culex, Aedes, Coquillettidia, Anopheles, Mansonia e outros, na Ásia, no Oriente Médio e na Europa, mas principalmente em espécies pertencentes ao gênero Culex 12 . Com a introdução deste vírus nos Estados Unidos, a espécie inicialmente implicada na manutenção do vírus durante o inverno de 1999 e transmissão na região norte foi Culex pipiens.…”

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Presença de culicídeos em município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo e risco de ocorrência de febre do Nilo Ocidental e outras arboviroses

Dibo

Menezes

Ghirardelli

et al. 2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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RESUMO ABSTRACT Introduction:The objectives for this study were to measure the diversity of Culicidae species, describe their abundance and seasonal variation in São José do Rio Preto, SP, and discuss the risk of arbovirus infections. Methods: The collection of larval and adult mosquitoes was conducted monthly from 2006 to 2007 in an urban area and four sections of forested land. In the urban area, larvae were collected from sites where oviposition by Culex mosquitoes was most likely to occur. At two of the four sites in the forested land, adult mosquitoes were collected with the use of CDC traps at night, and a Nasci aspirator was used in the daytime at the two other collection sites. Results: In the urban area, 34 Culicidae species were identified out of a total sample of 8,683 specimens; of these specimens, 80.7% were Culex quinquefasciatus, 9.6% were Culex coronator, 3.2% were Aedes albopictus, and 1.1% were Ochlerotatus fluviatilis. The abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae was negatively related to rainfal. In the woods, 2,268 mosquitoes were collected, representing 10 genera and 46 species. The most abundant mosquito species were Aedeomyia squamipennis, Culex coronator, Culex (Mel.) Melanoconion section, Culex declarator, Ochlerotatus scapularis, Anopheles triannulatus, Culex bidens/interfor and Culex habilitator/pseudojhantinosoma. Conclusions: The abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the urban area and the presence of other Culicidae species in urban areas and forested land point to the possibility of the transmission of West Nile virus and other arbovirus infections in São José do Rio Preto and other cities. Thus, the enacting of measures aimed at the surveillance of these arbovirus infections is essential.

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“…From the public health standpoint the importance of Southern House Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus as a mosquito vector relies on the fact that it is the principal vector of bancroftian filariasis and a potential vector of Dirofilaria immitis. It is also a competent vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV) in north eastern United States and Asia [12][13] St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in eastern and south-central North America, Rift Valley fever virus, and several protozoa like Plasmodium relictum that causes bird malaria [14] .…”

Section: Medicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Culex quinquefasciatus: Southern House Mosquito

Negi¹,

Verma²

2018

IJLSSR

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ABSTRACT-Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability.

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West Nile Fever–a Reemerging Mosquito-Borne Viral Disease in Europe

Cited by 852 publications

References 22 publications

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

Development and Characterization of New Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the West Nile Virus NS2B–NS3 Protease

Presença de culicídeos em município de porte médio do Estado de São Paulo e risco de ocorrência de febre do Nilo Ocidental e outras arboviroses

Review on Culex quinquefasciatus: Southern House Mosquito

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