Review on Culex quinquefasciatus: Southern House Mosquito

Abstract

ABSTRACT-Diseases caused by mosquitoes have been a threat all around the globe since ages and humans have been coping with the disease spread in various possible ways. Mosquitoes are ectoparasites, which are vectors to numerous of diseases caused in humans as well as animals, and birds. Through the diseases they carry, it may lead to severe illness and even death. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the mosquito species, which is a potential vector of several arboviruses like West Nile virus (WNV), Rift Valley fever virus, avian pox and protozoa like Plasmodium relictum, which causes bird malaria. This mosquito exists throughout the tropics and the lower latitudes of temperate regions. Also, it can transmit several other arboviruses in the laboratory conditions. The present study is an attempt to review the bioecology, medical importance, and impact of phytoextracts on the life of Culex quinquefasciatus. It acts as an important bridge since it bridges between different reservoir/amplifier hosts to humans because of its encounter with different vertebrates. It also forms an ecological bridge between the urban, periurban and rural areas, which leads to its presence and adaptability in diverse ecological conditions. Emerging as a smart vector because of the features like-adaptive fitness, ecological plasticity, invasive behaviour and high reproductive potential, this mosquito possesses the necessary capability for disease transmission by establishing an effective vector-host transmission cycle for diverse pathogens in variable environments. Thus, in the changing ecological conditions also this mosquito might enhance its epidemiological importance in the near future as a smart vector even for those pathogens, which are presently not even having any public health importance. Hence, studies are being made to find out and prepare plants based environment friendly formulations in order to target this organism because this species may develop resistance to the chemical insecticides due to its high resistivity and adaptability.

Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional and organic hazelnuts production systems in Central Italy

“…In line with the world trend, the area dedicated to hazelnuts cultivation in Italy has been constantly increasing over the last years due to its high relative economic profitability (Negi, 2018). This increase was also favored by the Ferrero "Progetto Italia" initiative, a project launched in 2014 with which the multinational intended to increase the area of Italian hazelnut groves by 30% in 5 years (Delfanti et al, 2015).…”

The good, the BATV, and the ugly - first report of BATV vector competence inCulex quinquefasciatusfrom the Southern United States

“…Culex quinquefasciatus (‘quinqs’) is a vector of several pathogens affecting humans and animals. It is the primary vector of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV), and is a competent vector for West Nile Virus (WNV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Western Equine Encephalitis virus (WEEV), and Sindbis virus (SINV) ( 11, 12 ). Recently, Cx.…”

“…Cx. quinquefasciatus was also indicated in transmission of other Orthobunyaviruses in the epizootic outbreak of Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) in Egypt ( 11 ), and of BUNV in Argentina ( 19 ). Cx.…”

“…Cx. quinquefasciatus is ornithophilic, but will feed on mixed populations of dogs, monkeys, ruminants, equids, and humans opportunistically ( 11, 14 ). This species is subtropical, with a global distribution in North America, South America, Australia, Asia, and Africa.…”

Evaluation of pure camphor (C10H16O) against wild-caught Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in East Jakarta, Indonesia: Detoxification enzymes and histopathological midgut

“…MBDs transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus include Rift Valley fever virus, Japanese encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus, Bancrofti lymphatic filariasis, Zika virus, and Equine encephalitis virus [1][2][3] . There are 1.3 billion people worldwide who are at risk of contracting filariasis [4,5] .…”