Welfare Policymaking: Theoretical Implications of a Mexican Case Study

Spalding, Rose J.

doi:10.2307/421834

Cited by 27 publications

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“…We adopted a diachronic analysis (e.g., Spalding, 1980) that examined both pre-enactment and post-enactment (or policy evolution) stages of implementation and evaluation, but focused our attention to the pre-enactment stages in this present study. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States

Ingle

Petroff

2013

EPAA

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Abstract:The concentration of broad-based merit aid adoption in the southeastern United States has been well noted in the literature. However, there are states that have adopted broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeast. Guided by multiple theoretical frameworks, including innovation diffusion theory (e.g., Gray, 1973Gray, , 1994Rogers, 2003), Roberts and King's (1991) typology of public entrepreneurs, and Anderson's (2003) stages of the policymaking process, this qualitative study sought to answer the following questions. First, in the absence of regional diffusion pressures, what internal determinants are reported as accounting for the diffusion of broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeastern US? What types of public entrepreneurs were identified as playing key roles in establishing merit aid in states outside the southeastern US? During which stages of the policymaking process were they active? We found that merit aid was a means of addressing an array of public problems, including low college going rates at in -state public colleges and universities, and weak K-12 accountability. Consistent factors reported as facilitating merit aid creation included a strong, vocal public advocate (governors and a university system president) and a desire to strengthen state economies and diversify Education Policy Analysis Archives Vol. 21 No. 58 2 workforces. A full range of public entrepreneurs played key roles in developing merit aid in the sampled states. Political and executive entrepreneurs were in the forefront of merit aid efforts, but our data suggest that a cast of supporting public entrepreneurs were integral to the eventual adoption of broad-based merit aid in the sampled states. Keywords: political analysis; postsecondary education policy; public entrepreneurs; innovation; diffusion.Emprendedores públicos y la adopción de sistemas de ayuda meritocráticos de base amplia más allá del sureste de Estados Unidos Resumen: La concentración de la adopción de sistemas de ayuda meritocráticos de base amplia en el sureste de Estados Unidos ha sido bien discutida en la literatura. Sin embargo, hay estados que han adoptado programas de ayuda al mérito de base amplia parte más allá del sureste. Guiados por marcos teóricos múltiples, incluyendo la teoría de la innovación de difusión (por ejemplo, Gray, 1973, 1994, Rogers, 2003, Roberts y King (1991) tipología de emprendedores públicos y las etapas del proceso de formulación de políticas de Anderson (2003), este estudio cualitativo buscó responder a las siguientes preguntas. En primer lugar, cuando no existen presiones de difusión regional, cuales son los determinantes internos que explican la difusión de los programas de ayuda al mérito de amplia base más allá del sureste de EE.UU.? ¿Qué tipos de emprendedores públicos fueron identificados como jugando un papel clave en el establecimiento de ayudas mérito en estados más allá del sureste de EE.UU? En qué etapas del proceso de formulación de políticas son activos? Encontramos que la ayuda meritocrát...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States

Ingle

Petroff

2013

EPAA

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“…In other cases, international diffusion is a source of policy (Leichter, 1977: 588). A major reason for the adoption of Mexican welfare policy was the fact that other Latin American countries already had such policies; Mexican elites were embarrassed not to have them (Spalding, 1980). Similarly, political scientists have long been aware of the importance of implementation in the determination of operative policy (Hargrove, 1975;Pressman and Wildavsky, 1973).…”

Section: Policy As Effect Policy As Causementioning

confidence: 99%

Cause and consequence in public policy theory: Ethnic policy and system transformation in Malaysia

Horowitz

1989

Policy Sci

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Considering public policy as both a dependent and an independent variable, this article undertakes a systematic assessment of the sources and systemic consequences of policy. It begins with a statement of contrasting theories of the sources of policy. One strand of comparative theory emphasizes national cultures and elite beliefs as the main sources of policy; another stresses the cross-national imperatives of particular policy programs, of international diffusion, and of common policy processes. Drawing on longitudinal data on an array of ethnic policies in Malaysia, the study highlights the limits of cultural-determinist theories of policy. It shows that elite beliefs change over time, often creating layers of policy based on varying premises; that one set of beliefs can overcome another, inconsistent set; that critical events can alter the balance of authoritative beliefs; and that, where beliefs are in conflict, organized interests have room for maneuver. Moreover, the interaction of a mix of operative beliefs can produce outcomes very much at variance with what policymakers wish or anticipate. Finally, on the systemic effects of policy, the study shows that interests created by earlier policy can be decisive actors in the shaping of later policy. Policy itself can change the entire structure of the political system -an outcome rather clearly demonstrated in the case of Malaysia.In comparative public policy, it has come to be accepted that policy is both a dependent and an independent variable, at once the product of a policy process and the source of change in political systems (Hancock, 1983;Salisbury, 1968). There has, however, been a certain asymmetry in the understanding of these two faces of policy. Much work, but as yet no real consensus, exists on the sources of public policy. There is uncertainty about the extent to which policy is determined by national cultures or by such environmental variables as the organization of interest groups or political institutions. On the other hand, there has so far been only vague specification of the role played by policy in transforming political systems. Despite Lowi's dictum that policy 'determines politics, '1 analysis has not moved far beyond speculation about the impact of various types of policy on the nature of the specific processes required to put particular policy types into effect. 2 On one issue, then, there is no agreed generalization; on the other, the generalization is altogether too general.These issues, usually treated separately, are not wholly separate. If policy is shaped by and then reshapes the political system, the reshaped system can become in its turn a progenitor of new policy or at least a constraint on what

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“…For Latin American nations, meanwhile, scholarship on the development of social policies has largely ignored international trade as such and has suggested instead that social policies have been instituted or reshaped as explicit parts of state strategies to promote the economic development of nations situated in dependent positions in the world capitalist system. For example, Spalding (1980) links the launching of Mexican social security in the 1940s to the state's industrialization stategy. New social security taxes were to be used to help finance state investments, she argues, and key groups of workers had to be politically managed.…”

Section: National Strategies In the Worm Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

States and Social Policies

1986

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Comparative social scientists have developed various arguments about the determinants of social policies, especially those connected with twentiethcentury "welfare states." Structure-functionalists argue that the social policies of modem nations necessarily converge due to an underlying logic of industrialism, while neo-Marxists treat such policies as state responses to the social reproduction requirements of advanced capitalism. Yet most students of social policies are more attuned to history and politics. Concentrating on two dozen or fewer industrial capitalist democracies, many scholars have explored the alternative ways in which democratic political processes have helped to create programs and expand social expenditures. For a fuller range of nations past and present, scholars have also asked how ties to the world-economy

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Welfare Policymaking: Theoretical Implications of a Mexican Case Study

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States

Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States

Cause and consequence in public policy theory: Ethnic policy and system transformation in Malaysia

States and Social Policies

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