Este estudio examina los procesos políticos que afectaron la reconfiguración de la élite económica en Nicaragua durante los años 1980 y 1990, y documenta los patrones cambiantes de las relaciones entre los empresarios y el Estado tras el regreso al poder del líder sandinista Daniel Ortega en 2007. Basándose en documentos y entrevistas con representantes de COSEP, el Gobierno y las ONG, este artículo traza el auge y la caída de las facciones de la élite tradicional durante la Revolución Sandinista y analiza el impacto de la reforma del mercado en la dinámica emergente durante las transiciones postrevolucionarias que siguieron. Estas experiencias ayudan a explicar la nueva estrategia del sector empresarial de negociación sostenida y colaboración con el gobierno tras la reelección y creciente dominio político de Ortega. El artículo concluye levantando preguntas sobre los puntos de tensión y los problemas no resueltos que quedan.
Following an extended anti-mining campaign, El Salvador became the first country to adopt a legal ban on all forms of metallic mining. This article uses process tracing to map direct, indirect and mediated linkages between the anti-mining mobilization and the formal adoption of a mining prohibition by the national legislature in 2017. It draws on 78 interviews with campaign activists, legislators, government officials, business leaders and legal teams, and combines this information with legislative documents and reports, public opinion data, legal documents from an investment dispute filed against the Salvadoran government, and blogs and website of the Mesa Nacional Frente a la Minería Metálica. This analysis gives particular attention to the spatial reach and breadth of the anti-mining networks; fissures within and situational realignment of the political elite; and the strategic use of diverse institutional openings (docking points), some of which were adapted to new purposes by movement entrepreneurs. Although major obstacles to sustainable development and environmental protection remain in El Salvador, this article identifies a set of iterative interactions between activist alliances and institutional actors that can successfully contribute to policy change.
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