Weight Loss Associated With Consumption of Apples: A Review

Abstract

Apples are known as a major source of polyphenols, dietary fiber, carotenoids, and other nutrients. There are many documents and studies that show fruit polyphenols likely promote anti-obesity effects and exert their beneficial effects via scavenging free radicals, regulating gene expression, and altering signal transduction in target cells and tissues, especially fat tissues.The goal of this review is to presenti the major components of apple and the evidence that indicates its potential to diminution weight gain risk from in vitro, animal, and epidemiological and clinical studies. This review summarizes data about the apple and apple products that been have reported to reduce weight gain by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling pathways. An extensive search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify human, animal, and cell culture studies on the association between weight loss and apple consumption, published from inception up to journey 15, 2017. The feeding of apples rats (7-10 mg/kg/d) in different forms in 8 experiments have shown that this caused weight loss during 3 to 28 weeks. In agreement with this, the obtained results from 5 experiments on humans have revealed that consumption of the whole apple or apple juice (240-720 mg/d) in 4-12 weeks by fat people can cause weight loss. Experiments on animals and humans have shown that the consumption of apples in different forms can cause weight loss in overweight ones. However, the main questions are which kind of apple, which part of it, how much, and how long overweight persons should consume them to reduce their body fat and body mass index (BMI). Then, it is necessary to do a meta-analysis to show how these factors affect the body fat percentage and whether this weight-lowering effect is statistically significant or not.

Effects of Cabbage-Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM on Lipid Profile Improvement and Obesity Amelioration in Rats

“…Such components are known to exert anti-cholesterol and anti-obesity activities [9][10][11]19]. In a previous study, when obese individuals were administered a 240-720 mg/kg of apple (fruits or juice) daily, body weight loss was observed; in experimental animals, a daily intake of 1-10 mg/kg of apples was shown to lead to body weight loss [12]. Consequently, we prepared a mixed juice containing equal amounts of apples and cabbages with known preventive effects on metabolic diseases that are attributed to obesity; next, by administering the juice to rats on a high-fat diet, we investigated the changes in body weight, liver and white fat pad weights, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, gene expression related to hepatic lipid metabolism, and adipocyte size.…”

“…The natural polyphenol compounds found in fruits and vegetables are known to exhibit anti-obesity effects by altering signal transduction in target cells, such as adipocytes, regulating gene expression, and enhancing free radical scavenging activity [12]. The polyphenol or flavonoid compounds abundant in apples include procyanidin, hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and epicatechin [9][10][11], while those that are abundant in cabbages include phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanidines [19].…”

“…The content of phenolic compounds, including procyanin, hydroxycinnamic acid, and its derivatives, phloridzin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechins, and epicatechins is especially high, contributing to the preventive effects of apples on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer [9][10][11]. Apple intake is known to have an effect on body weight reduction, not only in humans, but also in experimental animals [12][13][14][15].…”

Comparing the efficacy of apple peels and a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (ipragliflozin) on interstitial glucose levels: A pilot case study

“…Apples are widely beneficial for metabolic health 9 ; however, they contain fructose and glucose, which can be points of concern. In an earlier study, intake of an unpeeled apple by healthy subjects elevated their plasma glucose by approximately 30 mg/dL.…”

A Micromethod for Polyphenol High-Throughput Screening Saves 90 Percent Reagents and Sample Volume

“…Polyphenols are important natural substances with pronounced antioxidative properties [5] that enable them to regulate oxidative stress in living organisms [6]. These phytochemicals possess a strong lipid-reducing activity [7], which promotes weight maintenance and provides a tool for an effective therapy for obesity and oxidative stress [8,9]. Considering that lipid peroxidation is a direct consequence of oxidative stress, adequate supplementation with antioxidants is desirable.…”